Term
EYE: Sagittal view of eyeball
[image]
1) What two bones form orbital cavity wall
2) Eyeball is attached to the _ nerve and 7 _ _ _
3) Extra-ocular muscles are innervated by CN _ , _ , _
4) Name the important extra-ocular muscle here
- Main function?
- Has 4 _ with different attachment sites to help in _ _
- Innervation? (2) special
5) Clinical: Problem with _ ANS: ex. Tumour involving level of _ (which is supposed to supply _ fibres of _ and _) could cause _ of the eyelid
6) Name an important attachment site for the levator palpebrae superioris muscle
7) What plate is right above eyelid and can be palpated? |
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Definition
1) Frontal and Maxillary bones
2) optic, extra ocular muscles
3) III, IV, VI
4) Levator palpebrae superioris muscle:
- Lifting UPPER eyelid
- tendons, eyelid elevation
- Innervated by CN III and sympathetic fibres (only known muscle to do this!!)
5) sympathetic, T1, sympathetic, head, neck, drooping
6) Cartilage plate
7) Tarsal plate |
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Term
EYE: Sagittal view of eyeball (con't)
[image]
ANTERIOR EYEBALL:
1) Name the clear membrane covering eyeball
2) T or F: Conjuctiva covers cornea
3) The conjuctiva continues on surface of inner eyelids by doing what? This forms a gutter called ...?
4) Tears are produced by _ _ and collected by _ _ after crying
5) Eyelids receive what kind of gland ducts? What do you get if they are infected? |
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Definition
1) Cornea
2) FASLE. It is epithelium, and covers the eye EXCEPT cornea to protect it
3) It fold on itself, and forms a gutter called CONJUNCTIVAL SAC
4) Production = LACRIMAL GLAND,
collection = CONJUNCTIVAL SAC
5) SEBACEOUS gland ducts, STYE |
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Term
EYE: STRUCTURE OF EYEBALL
[image]
1) How many layers? Name them
2) Which layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue on the posterior eyeball and is an EXTENSION of the cornea?
3) How is the cornea so clear and transparent? (fibre type etc.)
4a) T or F: the Choroid is the deepest layer
4b) T or F: it is vascular (i.e. brings blood vessels into eyeball w/ oxygen and nutrients)
5) What two structures arise from choroid? |
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Definition
1) THREE:
- Cornea
- Choroid
- Retina
2) SCLERA
3) Made of connective collagen fibres that are V neatly packed
4a) FALSE. Choroid is the SECOND deepest layer
4b) TRUE.
5) Ciliary body & Iris |
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Term
EYE: STRUCTURE OF EYEBALL (con't)
[image]
6) What is the ciliary body made up of? What does this allow it to do?
7) What are suspensory ligaments? What are they attached to on either end?
8) What do suspensory ligaments do for the lens?
9) What is the other function of suspensory ligaments?
10) The _ is the anterior extension of choroid. It is made up of _ _ fibres and has a hole in the center (_). When it contracts, the diameter of the pupil _/_. |
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Definition
6) Smooth muscle fibres so it can contract
7) Tiny microscopic tendons attached to...
- on one side: SMOOTH MUSCLES of CILIARY BODY
- on other side: LENS
8) Keep the lens in place and change it’s thickness or convexity by stretching it and relaxing it (recoils back to normal convexity)
9) Produces AQUEOUS HUMOUR
10) IRIS, smooth muscle, pupil, increases/decreases |
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Term
EYE: STRUCTURE OF EYEBALL (con't)
[image]
11) The retina is a _ layer containing even smaller layers of densely packed _
12) What is the optic nerve (made up of)?
13) T or F: Retina continues completely to the anterior side of the eyeball
14) The 3rd layer technically continues as _ _ : an _ continuation of retina. BUT, it is not a nervous layer, it is an _ layer than carries _ (mostly melanin)
15) Why do we all have blue eyes @ developmental stage? |
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Definition
11) Nervous, neurons
12) Axons of retinal neurons coming together, i.e. optic nerve SITS is retina
13) FALSE. It ends with ORA SERRATA
14) Brown layer, anterior, epithelial, pigment
15) B/c we don't have pigment in the epithelial layer / continuation of retina until later |
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Term
[image]
[image]
1) These images show the function of what structure? (hint: arises from choroid layer)
2) In which image does this structure relax? So you're looking at something (far/close)?
3) To have the pivot of an object (that you're seeing very close) to fall directly on retina, does the lens increase or decrease it's convexity?
4) To increase convexity of lens, the _ _ muscle must _ like a sphincter
5) T or F: suspensory ligaments are relaxed when you look at something close (hint: are the lines off of ciliary stretched or squiggly?)
6) T or F: When you look at something far, ciliary body is relaxed but suspensory ligaments are stretched.
7) When you are in fight or flight mode, will your lens be more convex or less? Will your ciliary body be relaxed or contracted?
8) Ciliary body _ are CONTROLLED BY THE _ NS |
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Definition
1) CILIARY BODY
2) The image looking at a FAR object
3) INCREASE the CONVEXITY of the LENS (recall: fatter in middle)
4) Ciliary body, contract
5) TRUE. Suspensory ligaments are relaxed, ciliary body is contracted (i.e. are closer to lens)
6) TRUE.
7) Less convex lens, relaxed ciliary body b/c this is the sympathetic NS (think: you need to keep your eyes peeled on the FAR horizon for an enemy)
8) contractions, PARASYMPATHETIC |
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Term
EYE: Function of Iris
[image]
1) It is a muscular _ with fibres arranged it _ different ways
2) The fibre layer that is arranged in a circle is called ...?
3) The fibre layer that is arranged radially (fan out) around the other fibre layer is called...?
4) T or F: pupil diameter will INCREASE when sphincter pupillae fibres contract
5) What happens to pupil when dialator pupillae fibres contract? (hint: name)
6) Which part of NS controls dialation of pupil?
7) Which part of NS controls contraction of pupil? |
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Definition
1) Disc, two
2) Sphincter pupillae
3) Dialator pupillae
4) FALSE. Truth: pupil diameter will DECREASE when sphincter pupillae fibres contract
5) Pupil will DILATE
6) Sympathetic NS
7) Parasympathetic NS |
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Term
EYE: Eyeball spaces
[image]
Two main divisions...
1) Name the small space between IRIS and CORNEA
2) Name the even smaller space b/w LENS and IRIS
3) These two chambers are _ with each other THROUGH _ and are filled w/ the same fluid (_ _). Recall: this fluid is constantly produced by _ _
4) Where does the Vitreous chamber sit?
- What is it filled with and what does this control?
5) Overall, Vitreous body & Aqueous Humour serve what 3 functions? |
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Definition
1) Anterior chamber
2) Posterior chamber
3) continuous, PUPIL, aqueous humour, ciliary body
4) Posterior to lens. It's filled with a jelly called VITREOUS BODY that controls spherical shape of eyeball
5)
- Supply nutrients
- Act as sewage system
- Support shape |
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Term
EYE: Ciliary body
[image]
1) What do the arrows show?
2) How do you get glaucoma?
3) What do the blue dots on the image represent? Where do they sit? Function? |
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Definition
1) Direction of flow of aqueous humour. First it fills the posterior chamber and then the anterior chamber.
2) An obstruction of the scleral venous sinus --> no drainage of aqueous humour --> pressure builds up in anterior & posterior chamber --> GLAUCOMA
3) SCLERAL VENOUS SINUS AKA CHANNEL OF SCHLELM
- sit @ junction of CORNEA and SCLERA
- Collect excess aqueous humour |
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Term
EYE: Lacrimal apparatus
[image]
Lacrimal gland:
1) Found on the _ _ border of eye, and is embedded w/in _ _ therefore NOT palpable
2) Has several _ to release _ to surface of eyeball
3) Innervated by CN ?
4) Describe the arrow movement / progression of tears from production to inferior nasal meatus |
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Definition
1) superior lateral, orbital cavity
2) ducts, tears
3) CN VII
4) TEARS:
produced in lacrimal gland -->
--> its ducts release the tears to surface of eyeball -->
--> collected by two Lacrimal canaliculi -->
--> drain to lacrimal sac (embedded inside bones of medial side of nose, and continues inferiorly as the Nasolacrimal duct) -->
--> Duct opens up to Inferior nasal meatus. |
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Term
EAR: 1) EXTERNAL
[image]
Name the two parts of external ear based on description:
a) Elastic cartilage that collects sound waves
b) Cartilaginous and bony canal that ends at tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
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Definition
a) Auricle
b) External Acoustic meatus |
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Term
EAR: Middle ear
[image]
1) _ small bones (aka _) sit inside the open space of middle ear (aka _ _). Name them.
2) Which ossicle is directly attached to tympanic cavity?
3) What do these bones do to sound waves after receiving them?
4) What is found b/w each bone? How do these structures affect hearing loss? |
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Definition
1) Three, ossicles, tympanic cavity.
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
2) Malleus
3) MAGNIFY / resonte them
4) Synovial joints!
When they become inflamed, they stiffen and can cause hearing loss |
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Term
EAR: Middle ear (con't)
[image]
5) The middle ear has two windows. The _ window sits inferior and slightly anterior to the _ window, which has the _ sitting on it
6) Which of the two middle-ear muscles is attached to the malleus? What does it do?
7) T or F: the Tensor Tympani muscle is the smaller middle-ear muscle
8) What do these muscles do to loud music?
9) What innervates Tensor Tympani & Stapedius? If this nere is paralyzed, what is the symptom?
10) What does the AUDITORY TUBE connect?
11) Overall function of middle ear? |
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Definition
5) Round, Oval, Stapes
6) Tensor Tympani. Stretches/tenses tympanic membrane
7) FALSE. The Stapedius is! (think: stubby-dius)
8) Reduce/control the vibrations so the loud music will eventually not hurt
9) CN VII, oversensitive ear
10) MIDDLE EAR --> NASOPHARYNX
11) To pass the mechanical vibrations --> inner ear through the ossicles |
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Term
EAR: Inner ear - Bony labyrinth
[image]
1) Name and describe 3 main regions of bony labyrinth |
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Definition
1)
- Semicircular canal (3 of them) : bony tunnels, oriented in 3 anatomical planes (frontal, sagittal, horizontal)
- Vestibule: ignore the blue stuff, it’s just a large bony cavity
- Cochlea: tube wrapped around it’s axis two times |
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Term
EAR: Inner ear - Membranous labyrinth
[image]
1) What structure is inside the semicircular canals of bony labyrinth?
*NOTE: DUCT = membranous lab, CANAL = bony lab
2) B/w these two structure, we find?
3) What do we find inside vestibule cavity? And what do we find in these structures?
4) T or F: All semicircular ducts connect to one of the vestibule sacs |
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Definition
1) Semicircular ducts
2) PERILYMPH (fluid)
3) Utricles & Saccules which both contain MACULAE (another sensory organ)
4) TRUE. |
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Term
EAR: Inner ear - Membranous labyrinth CON'T
[image]
5) What is an ampulla? What do we find inside one?
6) Together, _ & _ are sensory to the _ of your head
7) What happens (with endolymph etc.) when you tilt your head?
8) T or F: The cochlear duct fully occupies the cochlea
9) Inside the cochlear duct, we find another _ organ called _ _.
What happens when it is stimulated? |
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Definition
5) Small dilations marking the point of connection b/w semicircular ducts and vestibule sacs (either utricles or saccules).
- Inside ampullas we find CRISTA (a sensory organ!)
6) Maculae, Cristae, position
7) When you turn your head L&R, the fluid INSIDE the membranous labyrinth (endolymph) will move and stimulate these Maculae & Cristae, so you can know the positions of your head even when your eyes are closed.
8) FALSE. It almost fully occupies it but there are two other spaces called Scala vestibuli & Scala tympani
9) sensory, SPIRAL organ.
When stimulated: passes sensory pulses to brain and we HEAR |
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Term
EAR: Cross section of BONY labyrinth
[image]
1) Name the two other spaces occupying cochlea, besides cochlear duct
2) T or F: All three of these spaces are filled with endolymph
3) Pathway for soundwaves:
Sound waves are vibrating _ _ and ossicles, and then vibration is passed to _ window, which vibrates the _ in the scala _ (which continues all the way to the end of cochlea and then joins with scala _) and eventually this vibrated fluid (_) will stimulate your _ _ and that what makes you hear a noise!!! |
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Definition
1) Scala vestibuli & Scala tympani
2) FALSE
- Scala vestibuli & Scala tympani = filled w/ PERILYMPH
- Cochlear duct = filled w/ ENDOLYMPH
3) tympatic membrane, oval, fluid, vestibuli, tympani, perilymph, spiral organ |
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