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| Green, Blue, Orange and Gold |
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| characteristic and perspective tendencies of a person’s personality. In varying amounts, cultures and co-cultures also possess characteristics and perspectives that are passed along from generation to generation. People are a conglomerate of each color in varying amounts, but often lean more to one than the others. |
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| I qualify as a Green, as does my husband. |
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| Greens seek knowledge and understanding. |
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| They are analytical, calm, logical and investigative. |
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| Greens expect to live by their own standards. |
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| value intelligence, insight, fairness and justice. |
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| are non-conformists and problem-solvers |
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| My second color was blue, which matches my daughter Steffi. |
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| need to feel unique and authentic |
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| are personal, compassionate, sincere and imaginative |
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| meaning and significance in life |
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| to contribute, encourage and care |
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| are romantic and nurturing |
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| I identified least with orange, the color of my brother Norm |
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| Oranges act on a moment’s notice. |
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| are witty, impulsive, eager, and fraternal |
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| life to be fun and exciting |
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| are trouble-shooters and competitors |
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pillar of economic and social world
Most CEOs are gold or green |
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| need to follow rules and respect authority |
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| loyal, sensible, organized and caring |
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| life to be in black and white with no gray areas in-between |
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| to be useful and to belong |
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| are helpful and traditional |
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| Importance of color traits |
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| we expect different things in life, have different needs, value different things, and have different world-views. By recognizing the traits of others, we can communicate better with them. Likewise, by understanding the traits of particular cultures, we can communicate better with people from those societies by adjusting our communications to fit the traits of their cultures. |
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| Transcultural nursing - define |
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| Transcultural nursing is a humanistic and scientific area of formal study and practice. It focuses upon differences and similarities among cultures with respect to human care, health and illness based upon people’s cultural beliefs, values and practices. |
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| Transcultural nursing - explain |
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| Nurses work to avoid imposing their own cultural views on their patients, instead providing culturally-congruent care. This can be done by listening to the patient. The example was given in class of a parent who had scissors hanging over a patient’s head to ward off evil spirits. The nurse listened sensitively, and then convinced the parent to nail the scissors over the doorway instead. |
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Transcultural nursing -
importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| We cannot treat an uncooperative patient, and the patient will not cooperate if we show a disregard for their culture. If we wish to help them, we need to be culturally sensitive in our care. |
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| Whiteness as a standpoint - define |
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| This is a dimension of white identity—a place from which white people look at themselves, at others and society |
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| Whiteness as a standpoint - explain |
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| Whites tend to have a shared perspective on life. This was visible during the OJ trial when most Whites felt he was guilty but most Blacks felt he was not. Interestingly, according to a friend who was a deputy guarding the jury, the jurors discussed privately that his guilt was not the issue they arbitrated, but rather whether he was 100% likely to have been guilty. Most felt he had most likely done the crime but were not convinced 100%. If there was a 1% chance the DNA evidence had been tampered with, or that the gloves didn’t fit (rather than shrink from the blood), then they felt they could not convict him. The sense of “reasonable doubt” then, had a different meaning to the blacks than the whites. From the standpoint of the whites, “reasonable doubt” had been proven. |
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Whiteness as a standpoint -
importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| I need to realize, that as a white, my basis of understanding is different from others. From the white standpoint, I am a friendly person unless I show myself to be hostile. From the standpoint of an African-American, as a white person, unless I make a point of being friendly, I am likely hostile. |
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| Saphir/Whorf hypothesis - define |
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Also known as linguistic relativity - the real world is build on the unconscious language habits of a group.
This proposes a deterministic view that the language a person speaks shapes their perceptions. |
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| Saphir/Whorf hypothesis - explain in own words |
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Language structure is necessary to produce thought, and in turn influences how a person views the world.
The words available for our use change how we think, so that thinking is different in different languages. Language encourages us to prioritize certain items. For instance, in English we have one term for the word “love.” In Greek, there are many more (Eros, Agape, etc) . From that we can surmise that the Greeks priorities on this topic were higher. My farming friend in Stockton uses many more words to describe soil than I do—loam, clay, sandy, etc. His language includes more descriptions of dirt and this makes him think about soil differently than I. |
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Saphir/Whorf hypothesis -
Importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| We need to be aware of the significance of the vocabulary of other cultures, so that our meanings will not be misunderstood in translation, both in our speaking and in our listening. Otherwise a person might intend to talk about the wise man building his house upon the gigantic firm rock that forms a cliff (Petra), and I instead might interpret it as building upon a small stone which would be a suitable size for skipping across a lake. |
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| It is an innate tendency of humans to attribute increased importance to those who are closer to the self. These dimensions include ethnic background, values, beliefs, customs and patterns of relationships. |
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| Ethnocentrism - explained |
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| It is cultural nearsightedness, evaluating from our limited perspective. We are likely to attribute positive traits to those similar to us and negative traits to those dissimilar. |
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Ethnocentrism -
importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| Our initial understanding is only a single story of who a person is. If we only view that person as one thing, that is what they become in our eyes. It depersonalizes them and is incomplete. It robs people of their dignity by emphasizing our differences instead of our many human similarities. When we reject the single story, we gain a bit of paradise. |
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| High and Low context - defined |
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| This concept addresses the amount that context of a message affects its content. |
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| High and Low context- explained |
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| A low context message is very clear by the words alone. Little is communicated by the setting or nonverbally. A high context message requires listening with all of one’s senses, reading the contact of a situation to understand the message being delivered. |
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High and Low context -
importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| Different cultures use differing amounts of context, but understanding the importance of context to a conversation can definitely alter the meaning of the message. For instance, in Korea it is rude to say “No.” One must watch the context of a “yes” answer to determine whether the answer is yes or no. Asian cultures tend to be high context whereas our American culture tends to be low context. |
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The communicative integration of the world of human activities that once were bound by culture;
An awareness of innate values and the universality of human nature |
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| Globalization - explained |
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| Our world is no longer bound by the borders of each country or region. Mass media exposes us to many different cultures. We interact with people from various cultures on a routine basis. |
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| Globalization - importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| Because of globalization, it is vital that we be culturally sensitive in our communications in order to clearly understand and be understood. |
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| Intercultural Competence - define |
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| Because of globalization, it is vital that we be culturally sensitive in our communications in order to clearly understand and be understood. |
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| Intercultural Competence - explain |
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| You jointly negotiate the cultural faces that you present and understand with your conversational partner, understanding and not being misled by each other’s faces. My Asian friend understands that I am a brash American and gives my statements appropriate disclaimers. I understand my Asian friend may seem to be vague by American standards but is actually stating something of primary importance. |
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Intercultural Competence
Importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| Without intercultural competence, I will likely misunderstand others and also be misunderstood. |
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| A holistically interconnected network formed by the dynamic interaction of different cultural contexts. |
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| Global Village - explained |
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| The nature of interaction in our world is intercultural and multicultural. We must accept and embrace our differences while working together to interact effectively. |
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Global Village -
Importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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| By understanding and respecting the individuality of a person’s culture, we treat the person with value. Many of our interactions automatically span other cultures, a reality that is becoming more prevalent. I see this routinely in my job. The majority of people I serve are non-white. I work extensively with Asians, Latinos, and African-Americans here in the Los Angeles area. |
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| Five examples of nonverbal codes |
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These are understood norms and expectations for nonverbal gestures or behaviors in a given culture.
1) Physical Appearance
2) Proxemics
3) Chronemics
4) Haptics
5) Oculesic |
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Five examples of nonverbal codes
explain Physical Appearance |
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| Physical appearance (affects credibility - Am I unreliable because I have holes in my jeans, or am I untrustable because I am wearing a suit?) |
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Five examples of nonverbal codes
Explain Proxemics |
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| Proxemics (public space, social space, personal space, intimate space) |
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Five examples of nonverbal codes
Explain Chronemics |
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| Chronemics (I care because I show up on time) vs. (I’m rushing you because I came on time) |
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Five examples of nonverbal codes
Explain Haptics |
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| Haptics ( a handshake or a hug, touch on the arm) vs (slap on the cheek) |
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Five examples of nonverbal codes
Explain Oculesics |
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| Oculesics (use of eye contact or lack thereof) |
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Five examples of nonverbal codes
Importance or relationship to study of nonverbal communication |
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| Different cultures have different norms for these various nonverbal codes, so it is easy to be misinterpreted when working inter-culturally. Latinos may be offended if I continually back up to accommodate my natural sense of proxemics. Koreans will be offended if I start my presentations to their groups on-time by my standards. Making eye contact with Chinese strangers may be considered too forward. |
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| Activities of intercultural contact, communication and new cultural learning |
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This includes learning a new language with its norms and practices (sig alert, surface streets)
and possibly learning new aesthetics such as fun, joy, beauty or anger (finding joy in sunshine rather than the smell of earth after a rainfall) |
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Acculturation
Importance or relationship to study of nonverbal communication |
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| We need to develop cognitive complexity, an ability to process information in respect to a different cultural milieu, in order to speak and perceive messages correctly. |
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| Whiteness as a standpoint - define |
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| This is a dimension of white identity—a place from which white people look at themselves, at others and society |
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| Whiteness as a standpoint - explain |
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Definition
| Whites tend to have a shared perspective on life. This was visible during the OJ trial when most Whites felt he was guilty but most Blacks felt he was not. Interestingly, according to a friend who was a deputy guarding the jury, the jurors discussed privately that his guilt was not the issue they arbitrated, but rather whether he was 100% likely to have been guilty. Most felt he had most likely done the crime but were not convinced 100%. If there was a 1% chance the DNA evidence had been tampered with, or that the gloves didn’t fit (rather than shrink from the blood), then they felt they could not convict him. The sense of “reasonable doubt” then, had a different meaning to the blacks than the whites. From the standpoint of the whites, “reasonable doubt” had been proven. |
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Whiteness as a standpoint
importance of relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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Definition
| I need to realize, that as a white, my basis of understanding is different from others. From the white standpoint, I am a friendly person unless I show myself to be hostile. From the standpoint of an African-American, as a white person, unless I make a point of being friendly, I am likely hostile. |
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Six dimensions of cultural variations
define |
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| Culture shock is a generalized trauma one experiences in a new and different culture because of needing to cope and learn with a vast array of new cultural cues and expectations while discovering that your old ones do not fit or work. |
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| The five stages of culture shock are contact, disintegration, reintegration, autonomy and independence. I experienced this when I moved from Oregon to Southern California. |
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| Culture shock - Contact Stage |
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| The contact stage is the initial excitement and “high” of coming to a new place. The contact stage of coming to Southern California from Oregon was full of excitement about the bustling city and palm trees. |
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| Culture shock - Disintegration Stage |
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| The disintegration stage is noticing significant differences in a new culture more clearly. These included the major time issues with commuting in traffic as well as the confusion of driving upon five lane freeways full of cars. |
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| Culture shock - Reintegration Stage |
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| The reintegration stage occurs when one starts to compare the new culture with the old, seeing the negatives of the new. This included missing my old friends and walks in the woods. It is easy to get stuck in this stage, not assimilating into the new culture.. I did this, in part, by marrying a fellow who intended to move to the Pacific Northwest. |
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| Culture shock - Autonomy Stage |
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| The autonomy stage is an acceptance of how the new culture operates, in which both the differences and similarities are accepted. This stage requires going through the pain of processing the reintegration stage. It included acknowledging the loss of watching robins routinely in the woods, but gaining the sight of herons at the beach. It included realizing that camping is not the same here, but that that day trips to Disneyland are a lot of fun. |
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| Culture shock - Independence Stage |
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| The independence stage is a valuing of the differences and similarities of both cultures. I can go to see the beautiful rivers and ferns in Oregon in the Summer, without having to endure the nine months of rain that go with it, instead enjoying the warm sunshine of Southern California winters. |
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Culture Shock
Importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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Definition
| No particular culture is inherently better or worse than another—just different and unique. |
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| Barna's Six Barriers to Intercultural Communication |
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Definition
1)Assumption of similarities.
2) Language differences
3) Nonverbal misinterpretations
4) Preconceptions and Stereotypes
5) Tendency to evaluate
6) High anxiety |
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Barna Barrier - Explain
Assumption of similarities |
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| Assumption of similarities ignores the role culture plays in developing attitudes, values and beliefs. |
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Barna Barrier - Explain
Language difference |
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| Language differences fail to take into consideration that there may be subtle but important differences in meanings for words, |
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Barna Barrier - Explain
Nonverbal misinterpretation |
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Definition
| Nonverbal misinterpretations occur when different cultures have different meanings for the same gesture. |
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Barna Barrier - Explain
Preconceptions and Stereotypes |
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Definition
| Preconceptions and stereotypes get in the way of our objectivity and reduce complex people to caricatures. |
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Barna Barrier - Explain
Tendency to evaluate |
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| Tendency to evaluate judges a culture from our own cultural standpoint. |
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Barna Barrier - Explain
High Anxiety |
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| High anxiety from unfamiliar stimuli causes a heightened sense of perception, exaggerating a person’s observations, often creating hostility. |
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Essay example
Assumption of similarities |
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Definition
Assumption of similarities ignores the role culture plays in developing attitudes, values and beliefs.
Example: The teacher originally assumes that all the students are there to learn. However, Eva only attends to appease her probation officer, saying “School is a prison.” |
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Essay example
Language differences |
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Language differences fail to take into consideration that there may be subtle but important differences in meanings for words,
Example: The teacher asks “How many of you have been in juvenile hall?” An asian girl asks, “Does a refugee camp count?” |
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Essay example
Nonverbal misinterpretations |
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Nonverbal misinterpretations occur when different cultures have different meanings for the same gesture.
Example: The teacher’s pearls are interpreted by her coworkers as nonverbal signs of class difference between the teacher and her students. The teacher interprets the pearls, a gift from her progressive-leaning father, as a sign of unity with the struggles the students endure. |
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Essay example
Preconceptions and stereotypes |
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Preconceptions and stereotypes get in the way of our objectivity and reduce complex people to caricatures.
Example: The students discuss the new teacher, “I give this bitch a week,” judging her by her skin color rather than her character. |
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Essay example
Tendency to evaluate |
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Tendency to evaluate judges a culture from our own cultural standpoint.
Example: Erin’s co-teachers comment that the students “eventually stop coming,” evaluating most students as being uncaring about their education, rather than being fearful for their well-being. |
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Essay example
High Anxiety |
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High anxiety from unfamiliar stimuli causes a heightened sense of perception, exaggerating a person’s observations, often creating hostility.
Example: The students show anxiety by only grouping together with people of their own race, circling out outsiders by putting their desks together. |
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| The six dimensions of cultural variations |
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Definition
| high/low context, 2) individualism/collectivism, 3)power distance, 4)uncertainty/avoidance, 5) immediacy, and 6) gender |
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| cultural variation - high / low context |
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Definition
| a high context culture requires clarification, clarification, clarification to examine the implications of the nonverbal contexts, while in a low context culture the message is understood without discussion |
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| cultural variation - individualism / collectivism |
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| aka western / eastern thought, individualists seek the welfare of the individual first and seek freedom; collectivists seek the welfare of the group first and seek harmony |
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| cultural variation - power distance |
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| the degree to which power, prestige, and wealth are distributed in a culture. Philippines and Mexico have high power distance (large disparities) while Austria and Israel have low power distance |
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| cultural variation - uncertainty / avoidance |
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| this is the cultural predisposition to value change vs its disposition to value stability. Those that are high in uncertainty avoidance, like Japan and France tend to display emotions like anxiety more. Those that embrace uncertainty, like Americans, are more likely to be unconventional. |
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| cultural variation - immediacy |
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traits such as smiling, touching, eye contact and closer distance are actions that show immediacy and warmth. The opposite is avoidance and greater psychological distance.
People from California tend to show more immediacy; people from the Northeast show less. |
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| cultural variation - gender |
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| masculine cultures have rigid gender roles; feminine cultures value compassion, nurture and emotions to a higher degree. |
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| cultural variation-Importance or relationship to study of intercultural communication |
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Definition
| Understanding these cultural variations will help us understand what messages are being conveyed and how our messages to the other party might be construed. |
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