The direct object is the part of the sentence that reers to the person or thing that receives or is directly affected by the action of the verb.

When the Direct Object has already been mentioned in the conversation, we can use direct object pronouns instead.

The direct object pronouns are as follows:

me- me                                 nos- us

te- you (informal sing.)       

lo, la- formal singular           los,las- formal plural

Think about how the following are translated in english...

1. ¿Marcos te conoce?
2. No, él no me conoce
3. Nina me está ayudando
4. ¿Ricardo? Lo tengo que visitar.

1. Does Marcos know you?
2. No, he does not know me
3. Nina is helping me
4. Ricardo? Im have to visit him

How do you conjugate hacer in the preterite form?

What other verbs fall into this category?

"i"                           hacer: to do or to make

hice         hicimos

hiciste

hizo         hicieron

Other similar verbs:

decir--> dij-

querer-->quis-

venir-->vin-

How do you conjugate poder in the preterite form?

What other verbs fall into this category?

"u"                           poder: to be able to

pude         pudimos

pudiste

pudo         pudieron

Other similar verbs:

haber-->hub-

poner-->pus-

saber-->sup-

How do you conjugate estar in the preterite form?

What other verbs fall into this category?

"uv"                           estar: to be

estuve         estuvimos

estuviste

estuvo         estuvieron

Other similar verbs:

andar--> anduv-

tener--> tuv-

How do you conjugate traer in the preterite form?

What other verbs fall into this category?

"j"                                           traer: to bring

traje         trajimos

trajiste

trajo         trajeron

Other similar verbs:

conducir--> conduj-

introducir--> introduj-

producir--> produj-

traducir--> traduj-

caerse

i.e: Cuando me caí, me fraturé una rodilla

to fall

When I fell, I fractured my knee

cortarse

i.e: Mi hermano se cortó

to get cut

My sister got cut

darse (en/con)

i.e: Mi hermana se dio con la mesa

to hit (a body part), to bump into

My sister bumped into the table

quemarse

i.e: Shaquita se quemó en la cocina de su casa.

to burn oneself

Shaquita got burned in the kitchen of her house

romperse

Juan tuvo un accidente de carro y se rompió el cuello

to break (a body part)

Juan had a car accident and broke his neck

doler(ue)

i.e: ¿tienes dolor de cabeza?

tengo dolor de estómago.

to hurt

Do you have a headache

I have a stomachache

internar

i.e: Internaron a don Juancho en el hospital

to check into

Don Juancho was checked into the hospital

1. To talk about habitual actions in the past "used to"
2. to provide descriptions
3. an even that was in progress while another action is in progress.
4. to describe the participants of a story i.e: age, appearance, emotions
5. background info. of past events, including time and weather conditions

tomar(to take,drink)   correr(to run)      vivir(to live)

tomaba                    corría                 vivía

tomabas                   corrías               vivías

tomaba                    corría                 vivía

tomábamos              corríamos           vivíamos

tomaban                  corrían               vivían

1. at the same time: put both in imperfect; use "mientras"(while)
2. interuptions: the action that was already occurring is in imperfect, the interruption is in preterite
3. A series of actions ___,___,___ are all in preterite

ir                          ser                    ver

iba                   era                  veía

ibas                  eras                veías

iba                   era                  veía

íbamos             éramos             veíamos

iban                 eraan               veían

Saber is used to talk about knowing:

    -facts and info.

    -how to do something.

    -imperfect: knew stuff

    -preterite: to find out

Conocer is used to talk about knowing:

    -people and places (being familiar or aquainted)

    -imperfect: knew people

    -preterite: met someone

Demonstrative adjectives & pronouns aquí:

This and these have T's

Demon. Adj.     Demon. pron.   Meaning     Location

este, esta        éste, ésta        this(one)   here

esto, estas      ésto, éstos       these

and those don't

Demon. Adj.     Demon. pron.   Meaning     Location

ese, esa        ése, ésa        that(one)   there

eso, esas      éso, ésos       those

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns allá/allí

Demon. Adj.       Demon. pron.    Meaning

aquel, aquella     aquél, aquélla   that(over there)

aquellos,aquells  aquéllos,aquéllas  those(" ")

¿Te gustan estas variedades de plantas o éstas?

-Do you like these varieties of plants or these?

¿Vamos a reciclar ese recipiente o ése?

-Are we going to recycle that container or that one?

¿Qué es esto? ¿Es una flor silvestre?

-What is this? Is it a wildflower?

-to meet; to visit, to get to see a place (for the first time)

-to try to make an effort, to attempt

(no querer=to refuse)

me(to or for me)          

te(to or for you)          

le(to or for him/her)

nos(to or for us)          

les(to or for them/you)   

• Usually followed by a noun
• To express reason or cause (because of)
• By way of, by means of
• Movement in space (along, through, throughout, by)
• For length of time
• On behalf of, instead of; replacing someone
• General location (around, near)
• exchange or purchase

• for singular nouns and verbs in infinitive we use gusta
• for plural nouns we use gustan

por ciento= percent              por fin=finally

por cierto=by the way           por favor= please

por la mañana=in the morning 

por ejemplo=for example      

por lo menos= at least         por esto=b/c of this

por (ello/eso)=b/c of that

por si acaso= just in case    

por supuesto=ofcourse

por todos partes=everywhere 

• para is followed by a verb a lot of the times
• purpose or motivation (in order to) para+infinitive
• who the recipient of something is (for), a present
• Movement to a destination
• Deadline

• the beginning or end of an action that took place in the past.
• actions that took place at specific moments in the past (ayer, anoche...)
• actions perceived to be completed
• a series of actions that were completed in the past

• habitual actions in the past (siempre todos las semanas.....)
• descriptions
• events that were in progress while other actions were taking place
• descriptions of participants of a story
• background info. on past events.

acabar de + infinitive to talk about actions that took place in the immediate past.

-just

i.e: lo acabo de llamar= I just called him

to make sure

works like acabar de + infinitive

to remember;

works like acabar de + infinitive

to make sure;

works like acabar de + infinitive

to stop doing something

works like acabar de + infinitive

to take care of

works like acabar de + infinitive

to forget

works like acabar de + infinitive

to feel like doing something

works like acabar de + infinitive

to try

works like acabar de + infinitive