Term
Present example
1. Yo quiero que vayas a la tienda –
Past example
1. Yo quería que fueras a la tienda – |
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Definition
1. I want you to go to the store
2. I wanted you to go to the store. |
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Term
Verbs ending in -ar (PRESENT TENSE)
HABLAR
1. yo hablo
2. tu hablas
3. él/ella/usted habla
4. nosotros hablamos
5. vosotros habláis
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan
e.g., ella habla - She speaks. She is speaking. She does speak. (present tense can mean a variety of things)
e.g. ella habla los lunes - she speaks on Mondays. She is/will be speaking on Mondays. |
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Definition
Verbs ending in -ar (PRESENT TENSE)
HABLAR
1. yo___
2. tu
3. él/ella/usted
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes |
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Term
Verbs ending in -ar (PRESENT TENSE) - MEANINGS
A. Something happening in the moment
1. Lee el periodico
B. Something that is generally true or happens regularly, as indicated by words such as mucho, simepre, nunca.
2. Estudio mucho los fines de semana
3. Trabajo en ventas
4. Ella siempre llega a tiempo
C. Something that happens in the near future
5. Sari regresa el lunes
6. Nosotros esperamos aquí |
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Definition
Verbs ending in -ar (PRESENT TENSE) - MEANINGS
A. Something happening in the moment
1. He´s reading the newspaper
B. Something that is generally true or happens regularly, as indicated by words such as mucho, simepre, nunca.
2. I study a lot on weekends
3. I work in sales
4. She always arrives on time
C. Something that happens in the near future
5. Sari returns/is returning on Monday.
6. We´ll wait here. |
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Term
Verbs ending in -ar (PRESENT TENSE)
COMER
1. yo como
2. tu comes
3. él/ella/usted come
4. nosotros comemos
5. vosotros coméis
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes comen |
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Definition
Verbs ending in -ar (PRESENT TENSE)
COMER
1. yo __
2. tu __
3. él/ella/usted __
4. nosotros __
5. vosotros __
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes __ |
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Term
Verbs ending in -ir (PRESENT TENSE)
VIVIR
1. yo vivo
2. tu vives
3. él/ella/usted vive
4. nosotros vivimos (not same as -er endings)
5. vosotros vivís (not same as -er endings)
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes viven
+ Same as -er endings except typically for nosotros (ends in 'imos' not 'emos' and for vosotros (ends in 'ís´ not ´éis´) |
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Definition
Verbs ending in -ar (PRESENT TENSE)
VIVIR
1. yo __
2. tu __
3. él/ella/usted __
4. nosotros __
5. vosotros __
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes __ |
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Term
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - O to UE verbs
PODER - STEM CHANGE ´O´ to ´UE´
1. yo puedo
2. tú puedes
3. él puede
4. ellos pueden
STEM DOESN´T CHANGE for..
5. nosotros p´o´demos
6. vosotros podéis |
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Definition
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - O to UE verbs
PODER - STEM CHANGE ´O´ to ´UE´
1. yo __
2. tú
3. él
4. ellos
STEM DOESN´T CHANGE for..
5. nosotros
6. vosotros |
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Term
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - E to IE verbs
PENSAR - STEM CHANGE ´E´ to ´IE´
1. yo pienso
2. tú piensas
3. él piensa
4. ellos piensan
STEM DOESN´T CHANGE for..
5. nosotros p´e´nsamos
6. vosotros pebsáis |
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Definition
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - E to IE verbs
PENSAR - STEM CHANGE ´E´ to ´IE´
1. yo __
2. tú
3. él
4. ellos
STEM DOESN´T CHANGE for..
5. nosotros
6. vosotros |
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Term
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - E to I verbs
PEDIR - STEM CHANGE ´E´ to ´I´
1. yo pido
2. tú pides
3. él pide
4. ellos piden
STEM DOESN´T CHANGE for..
5. nosotros p´e´dimos
6. vosotros pedís |
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Definition
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - E to I verbs
PEDIR - STEM CHANGE ´E´ to ´I´
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. ellos __
STEM DOESN´T CHANGE for..
5. nosotros
6. vosotros |
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Term
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - ending in -guir drop the ´u´ only in the first person singular (yo) form. The other tenses conjugate normally.
1. Consiguir -> yo consigo
1.1 -> tu consigues
2. Siguir -> yo sigo
3. Persiguir -> yo persigo |
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Definition
Stem changing verbs in the present tense - ending in -guir drop the ´u´ only in the first person singular (yo) form. The other tenses conjugate normally.
1. Consiguir -> yo ___
1.1 -> tu ___
2. Siguir -> yo ___
3. Persiguir -> yo ___ |
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Term
Present participle of stem-changing verbs - To make the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, drop the -ir, change e ->i or o->u in the stem and add -iendo at the end.
1. pedir -> pidiendo -> está pidiendo
2. mentir -> mintiendo -> están mitiendo
3. dormir -> durmiendo -> estamos durmiendo
4. morir -> muriendo -> está muriendo
+ All other stem changing verbs follow the rules for regular -ar and -er verbs.
e.g. querer -> queriendo, contar -> contando |
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Definition
Present participle of stem-changing verbs - To make the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, drop the -ir, change e ->i or o->u in the stem and add -iendo at the end.
1. pedir -> p___-> está p___
2. mentir -> m -> están m
3. dormir -> d -> estamos d
4. morir -> m -> está m
+ All other stem changing verbs follow the rules for regular -ar and -er verbs.
e.g. querer -> queriendo, contar -> contando |
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Term
Some irregular present participles -
1. ir -> yendo
2. caer -> cayendo (falling)
3. creer -> creyendo
4. huir -> huyendo
5. construir -> construyendo
6. oír -> oyendo
7. traer -> trayendo
8. leer -> leyendo |
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Definition
Some irregular present participles -
1. ir -> yendo
2. caer ->
3. creer ->
4. huir ->
5. construir ->
6. oír ->
7. traer ->
8. leer -> |
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Term
Some irregular present participles - follow the same rules as stem-changing verbs and regular verbs
1. decir -> diciendo
2. dar -> dando
3. hacer -> haciendo
4. saber -> sabiendo
5. tener -> teniendo |
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Definition
Some irregular present participles - follow the same rules as stem-changing verbs and regular verbs
1. decir ->
2. dar ->
3. hacer ->
4. saber ->
5. tener -> |
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Term
Some irregular present participles - extremely short verbs merely maintain the first letter plus -iendo
1. ser -> siendo
2. reír -> riendo
3. ver -> viendo |
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Definition
Some irregular present participles - extremely short verbs merely maintain the first letter plus -iendo
1. ser ->
2. reír ->
3. ver -> |
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Term
More irregular verbs in the present tense (for first person ´yo´ only)
1. hacer -> yo hago
2. poner -> yo pongo
3. valer -> yo valgo
4. traer -> yo traigo
5. salir -> yo salgo |
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Definition
More irregular verbs in the present tense (for first person ´yo´ only)
1. hacer -> yo
2. poner -> yo
3. valer -> yo
4. traer -> yo
5. salir -> yo |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS)- used when making commands or when telling people what to do
Rules:
1. Many are conjugated the same as the Subjunctive
2. Formal commands are given with usted and ustedes
a. Habl´a´r -> hable (ust) and hablen (usts)
b. Com´e´r -> coma (ust) and coman (usts)
c. Viv´i´r -> viva (ust) and vivan (usts)
i.e. -ar -> ´e´, -er + -ir -> ´a´ |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS) - used when making commands or when telling people what to do
Rules:
1. Many are conjugated the same as the Subjunctive
2. Formal commands are given with usted and ustedes
a. Habl´a´r -> h___ (ust) and h___(usts)
b. Com´e´r -> c__ (ust) and c___ (usts)
c. Viv´i´r -> v___ (ust) and v___ (usts)
i.e. -ar -> ´__´, -er + -ir -> ´__´ |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS)- Verbs ending in -gar and -car change to -gue and -que in the subjunctive
1. buscar -> busque (ust) and busquen (usts)
2. llegar -> llegue (ust) and lleguen (usts) |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS) - Verbs ending in -gar and -car change to -gue and -que in the subjunctive
1. buscar -> b___ (ust) and b___ (usts)
2. llegar -> l___ (ust) and l___ (usts) |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS) - Irregular verb exceptions
1. dar -> dé (ust) and den (usts)
2. estar -> esté (ust) and estén (usts)
3. ir -> vaya (ust) and vayan (usts)
4. ser -> sea (ust) and sean (usts)
5. saber -> sepa (ust) and sepan (usts) |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS) - Irregular verb exceptions
1. dar -> d__ (ust) and d__ (usts)
2. estar -> e__ (ust) and e__ (usts)
3. ir -> v__ (ust) and v__ (usts)
4. ser -> s__ (ust) and s__ (usts)
5. saber -> s__ (ust) and s__ (usts) |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS) - Examples
1. Vaya al médico
2. Hable más despacio por favor
3. Doble a la izquierda
The negative formal commands are the same.
1. No hable
2. No vaya
3. No anden solos |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (FORMAL COMMANDS) - Examples
1. Go to the doctor
2. Speak more slowly, please
3. Turn left
The negative formal commands are the same.
1. Don´t talk
2. Don´t go
3. Don´t walk alone. |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Notes
1. Unlike formal commands, familiar (informal) commands are simple construct in affirmative and complicated in negative.
2. They have more irregular verb forms
3. This book only focuses on the (tú) informal commands. |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Notes
1. Unlike formal commands, familiar (informal) commands are simple construct in affirmative and complicated in negative.
2. They have more irregular verb forms
3. This book only focuses on the (tú) informal commands. |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal affirmative commands
+ Same as the present ´usted´
1. hablar -> habla
2. comer -> come
3. vivir -> vive
4. pensar -> piensa
5. dormir -> duerme
6. pedir -> pide
7. conducir -> conduce
8. llegar -> llega |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal affirmative commands
+ Same as the present ´usted´
1. hablar ->
2. comer ->
3. vivir ->
4. pensar ->
5. dormir ->
6. pedir ->
7. conducir ->
8. llegar -> |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal affirmative commands (Irregular form)
1. decir -> di
2. hacer -> haz
3. ir -> ve
4. poner -> pon
5. salir -> sal
6. ser -> sé (fucking how hard!)
7. tener -> ten
8. venir -> ven |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal affirmative commands (Irregular form)
1. decir ->
2. hacer ->
3. ir ->
4. poner ->
5. salir ->
6. ser -> __ (fucking how hard!)
7. tener ->
8. venir -> |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal affirmative commands (Irregular form) - Examples
1. Sé bueno
2. Ten cuidado!
3. Ven con nosotras
4. Pide la cuenta, por favor |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal affirmative commands (Irregular form) - Examples
1. Be good
2. Be careful
3. Come with us
4. Ask for the check, please |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal NEGATIVE commands (for tú only)
Rules: Use no before verb and Add an -s to the end of the singular formal commands (aka Subjunctive)
1. hablar -> no hables
2. comer -> no comas
3. vivir -> no vivas
4. pensar -> no pienses
5. dormir -> no duermas
6. pedir -> no pidas
7. conducir -> no conduzcas
8. llegar -> no llegues |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal NEGATIVE commands (for tú only)
Rules: Use no before verb and Add an -s to the end of the singular formal commands (aka Subjunctive)
1. hablar ->
2. comer ->
3. vivir ->
4. pensar ->
5. dormir ->
6. pedir ->
7. conducir ->
8. llegar -> |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal NEGATIVE commands (for tú only) - Irregular verbs
Rules: smae changes for irregular verbs
1. dar -> no des
2. estar -> no estés
3. ir -> no vayas
4. ser -> no seas
5. saber -> no sepas
6. decir -> no digas
7. hacer -> no hagas
8. poner -> no pongas
9. venir -> no vengas |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal NEGATIVE commands (for tú only) - Irregular verbs
Rules: same changes for irregular verbs
1. dar ->
2. estar ->
3. ir ->
4. ser ->
5. saber ->
6. decir ->
7. hacer ->
8. poner ->
9. venir -> |
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Term
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal NEGATIVE commands (for tú only) - Irregular verbs - EXAMPLES
1. No seas malo
2. No tengas miedo
3. No le des más vueltas
4. No conduzcas tan rápido, por favor |
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Definition
Making commands with the imperative mood (INFORMAL COMMANDS) - Informal NEGATIVE commands (for tú only) - Irregular verbs - EXAMPLES
1. Don´t be bad
2. Don´t be afraid
3. Don´t think about it anymore
4. Don´t drive so fast, please |
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Term
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative)
Stem Change E->IE. Noramal verbs conjugate to Subjunctive.
1. hablar -> habl´e´mos (present=hablamos)
2. comer -> comamos
3. vivir -> vivamos
4. pensar -> pensemos
5. querer -> queramos |
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Definition
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative)
Stem Change E->IE. Noramal verbs conjugate to Subjunctive.
hablar ->
comer ->
vivir ->
pensar ->
querer -> |
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Term
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative)
1. dormir -> durmamos (present=dormimos)
2. mentir-> mintamos (present=mentimos)
3. pedir-> pidamos (present=pedimos) |
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Definition
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative)
1. dormir -> ___ (present=dormimos)
2. mentir-> ___ (present=mentimos)
3. pedir-> ___ (present=pedimos) |
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Term
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative) - Examples
1. Andemos juntos -
2. Durmamos en un hotel
Only exception with verb ir, which uses the present affirmative.
3. Vamos a la tienda
...and the imperative in the negative.
4. No vayamos a la tienda |
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Definition
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative) - Examples
1. Let´s walk together
2. Let´s sleep in a hotel
Only exception with verb ir, which uses the present affirmative.
3. Let´s go to the store now
...and the imperative in the negative.
4. Let´s not go to the store. |
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Term
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative) - Examples
If wary of using the first person command, you can replace it with a question using ´nosotros´ in the present tense. Meaning Shall we?
1. Escribimos el email ahora?
2. Pedimos un vinito? |
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Definition
First-person Plural Commands (Imperative) - Examples
If wary of using the first person command, you can replace it with a question using ´nosotros´ in the present tense. Meaning Shall we?
1. Shall we write the email now?
2. Shall we order some wine? |
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Term
Commands with Reflexive Verbs
Personal (reflexive pronouns) used with reflexive verbs
1. me
2. te
3. se
4. os
5. nos
6. se |
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Definition
Commands with Reflexive Verbs
Personal (reflexive pronouns) used with reflexive verbs
1. me
2. you
3. him/her/it
4. you
5. us
6. them/you |
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Term
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Affirmative Imperative
In affirmative commands, both formal and informal, the pronoun is tacked onto the end of the verb. Note the verb needs to maintain the stree in the same place that it has in the present, this means placing a (´) on the third to last syllable in ther imperative
1. Olvídese de eso (present=olvida, sub.=olvide)
2. Váyanse a casa
3. Levántate.
4. Lávate las manos. |
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Definition
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Affirmative Imperative
In affirmative commands, both formal and informal, the pronoun is tacked onto the end of the verb. Note the verb needs to maintain the stree in the same place that it has in the present, this means placing a (´) on the third to last syllable in ther imperative
1. Forget about that
2. Go home
3. Get up
4. Wash your hands |
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Term
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Negative Imperative pg. 214
In the negative imperative, formal and informal, the present pronoun is placed before the verb.
1. No se olvide de eso (present=olvida, sub.=olvide)
2. No se vayan a casa
3. No te levantes.
4. No te laves las manos. |
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Definition
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Negative Imperative pg. 214
In the negative imperative, formal and informal, the present pronoun is placed before the verb.
1. Don´t forget about that
2. Don´t go home
3. Don´t get up
4. Don´t wash your hands |
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Term
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Imperative pg. 214
For first person (nosotros) commands, the -s of -emos is dropped in the affirmative.
1. Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos
2. Levantemos + nos = Levantémonos |
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Definition
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Imperative pg. 214
For first person (nosotros) commands, the -s of -emos is dropped in the affirmative.
1. Let´s site down
2. Let´s get up. |
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Term
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Imperative pg. 215
With first person (nosotros) commands, the reflexive verb irse uses vamos in the affirmative and vayamos in the negative
1. Vamos + nos = Vámonos
2. No nos vayamos
If wary of using the first person command, you can replace it with a question using ´nosotros´ in the present tense. Meaning Shall we?
3. Nos vamos?
4. Nos sentamos? |
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Definition
Commands with Reflexive Verbs - Imperative pg. 215
With first person (nosotros) commands, the reflexive verb irse uses vamos in the affirmative and vayamos in the negative
1. Let´s go
2. Let´s not go.
If wary of using the first person command, you can replace it with a question using ´nosotros´ in the present tense. Meaning Shall we?
3. Shall we go?
4. Shall we sit down? |
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Term
Use of FUTURE Tense
In general the future tense caminaré is used to express a more distant future than ´ir a´. The future tense can also sound a bit more formal. This is comparable to English.
1. Iré a Cuba el año que viene
2. El señor Olivera volverá en seguida |
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Definition
Use of FUTURE Tense
In general the future tense caminaré is used to express a more distant future than ´ir a´. The future tense can also sound a bit more formal. This is comparable to English.
1. I´m going to Cuba next year
2. Mr. Olivera will return in a moment. |
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Term
The FUTURE Progressive
1. Vienes a la fiesta el viernes?
2. No puedo. Estaré viajando. |
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Definition
The FUTURE Progressive
1. Are you coming to the party on Friday?
2. -I can´t. I´ll be travelling. |
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Term
FUTURE of Uncertainty
The future tense in Spanish also has a use that has no equivalent in English. Eg.
Situation: It is a Friday afternoon at work and theres almost no one at the office.
1. Habrá alguien en le reuniñon?
Situation: Your friend goes into another room to talk on her cell phone.
2. Con quiñen estará hablando? |
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Definition
FUTURE of Uncertainty
The future tense in Spanish also has a use that has no equivalent in English. Eg.
Situation: It is a Friday afternoon at work and theres almost no one at the office.
1. (I wonder) will there be anyone at the meeting?
Situation: Your friend goes into another room to talk on her cell phone.
2. Whom could she be talking to? |
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Term
FUTURE of Uncertainty
Similarily the future of uncertainty can be used to express probability or a supposition. Eg.
Situation: Your mother just called twice in a row and the phone rings again.
1. Será me madre.
Situation: your friend doenst show up to class on Tuesday
2. Estará enfermo |
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Definition
FUTURE of Uncertainty
Similarily the future of uncertainty can be used to express probability or a supposition. Eg.
Situation: Your mother just called twice in a row and the phone rings again.
1. That would be my mother.
Situation: your friend doenst show up to class on Tuesday
2. He´s probably sick. |
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Term
The CONDITIONAL - ´Would´ in English
1. Tú harías paracaidismo?
2. -No, no lo haría nunca.
3. Quisiera un kilo de manzanas, por favor. |
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Definition
The CONDITIONAL - ´Would´ in English
1. Would you ever go skydiving
2. No, I would never do it.
3. I would like a kilo of apples, please. |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - add the endings
1. yo -ía
2. tú -ías
3. él/ella/usted -ía
4. nosotros -íamos
5. vosotros -íais
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes -ían |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - add the endings
1. yo -
2. tú -
3. él/ella/usted -
4. nosotros -
5. vosotros -
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes - |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - add the endings
1. yo - hablaría
2. tú - hablarías
3. él/ella/usted - hablaría
4. nosotros - hablaríamos
5. vosotros - hablaríais
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes - hablarían |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - add the endings
1. yo - hablar
2. tú - hablar
3. él/ella/usted - hablar
4. nosotros - hablar
5. vosotros - hablar
6. ellos/ellas/ustedes - hablar |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - add the endings
1. comer -> comería
2. vivir -> viviría
3. estar -> estaría |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - add the endings
1. comer ->
2. vivir ->
3. estar -> |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Irregluar verbs are the same just add the -ía endings
e.g., Future tense of ´decir´ -> diré (I will say) -> diría (conditional)
1. decir -> diría
2. hacer -> haría
3. querer -> querría
4. ponder -> pondría
5. salir -> saldría
6. tener -> tendría |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Irregluar verbs are the same just add the -ía endings
e.g., Future tense of ´decir´ -> diré (I will say) -> diría (conditional)
1. decir ->
2. hacer ->
3. querer ->
4. ponder ->
5. salir ->
6. tener -> |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Irregluar verbs are the same just add the -ía endings
e.g., Future tense of ´decir´ -> diré (I will say) -> diría (conditional)
1. caber -> cabría
2. haber -> habría
3. poder -> podría
4. saber -> sabría
5. valer -> valdría
6. venir -> vendría |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Irregluar verbs are the same just add the -ía endings
e.g., Future tense of ´decir´ -> diré (I will say) -> diría (conditional)
1. caber ->
2. haber ->
3. poder ->
4. saber ->
5. valer ->
6. venir -> |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Examples
1. yo no la llamaría tan temprano
2. Dónde irías de vacaciones, a España o a Argentina? |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Examples
1. I wouldn´t call her so early
2. Where would you go on vacation, Spain or Argentina? |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in English with ´would´
In English would is also used to talk about things to do in the past. e.g. When I was younger, I would go to the park.
In Spanish the imperfect past tense is used not the conditional.
e.g.
1. Cuando era más joven.. not
2. Cuando sería más joven. |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in English with ´would´
In English would is also used to talk about things to do in the past. e.g. When I was younger, I would go to the park.
In Spanish the imperfect past tense is used not the conditional.
e.g.
1. When I was young.. not (imperfect)
2. When I was young (conditional) |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in Spain
At times conditional isn´t always translated as ´would´. Sometimes its ´would have been´ or ´must have been´ this similar to the future of uncertainty.
1. Después de trabajar tanto estarían cansados
2. Ayer caminaríamos quince millas |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in Spain
At times conditional isn´t always translated as ´would´. Sometimes its ´would have been´ or ´must have been´ this similar to the future of uncertainty.
1. After working so much they must have been tired
2. Yesterday we must have walked 15 miles. |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in Spain
When used in the conditional the verb ´poder´ is translated as could and is usually followed by the infinative to make polite requests.
1. Me podrías comprar unos huevos? |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in Spain
When used in the conditional the verb ´poder´ is translated as could and is usually followed by the infinative to make polite requests.
1. Could you buy me some eggs? |
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Term
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in Spain
When used in the conditional, the verb deber is translated as ´should´ and is usually followed by the infinitive to give advice.
1. Deberías ir al médico |
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Definition
Forming the CONDITIONAL - Differences in Spain
When used in the conditional, the verb deber is translated as ´should´ and is usually followed by the infinitive to give advice.
1. You should go to the doctor. |
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Term
The PRETERIT Tense
Describes completed actions in the past
1. Salí anoche.
2. Terminaste tu ensayo?
3. No me llamaron ayer. |
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Definition
The PRETERIT Tense
Describes completed actions in the past
1. I went out last night.
2. Did you finish your essay?
3. They didn´t call me yesterday. |
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Term
The PRETERIT Tense -ar Verbs Stem changes
HABLAR
1. yo hablé
2. tú hablaste
3. él habló
4. nosotros hablamos
5. vosotros hablasteis
6. ellos hablaron
+ the nosotros -amos stays the same for present and preterit tense |
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Definition
The PRETERIT Tense -ar Verbs Stem changes
HABLAR
1. yo __
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos
+ the nosotros -amos stays the same for present and preterit tense |
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Term
The PRETERIT Tense -ar Verbs - Examples
1. Anoche estudiamos hasta las tres de la madrugada
2. La fiesta se acabó a la una,
3. Jugaste fútbol ayer? |
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Definition
The PRETERIT Tense -ar Verbs - Examples
1. Last night we studied until 3 in the morning.
2. The party finished at 1 o´clock.
3. Did you play soccer yesterday? |
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Term
The PRETERIT Tense -er Verbs Stem changes
COMER
1. yo comí
2. tú comiste
3. él comió (most -er/ir -> ió)
4. nosotros comimos
5. vosotros comisteis (-er/ir -> isteis, -ar->asteis)
6. ellos comieron
+ the nosotros -amos stays the same for present and preterit tense |
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Definition
The PRETERIT Tense -er and -ir Verbs Stem changes
COMER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos
+ the nosotros -amos stays the same for present and preterit tense |
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Term
The PRETERIT Tense -ir Verbs Stem changes
VIVIR
1. yo viví
2. tú viviste
3. él vivió
4. nosotros vivimos
5. vosotros vivisteis
6. ellos vivieron
+ the nosotros -amos stays the same for present and preterit tense |
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Definition
The PRETERIT Tense -ir Verbs Stem changes
VIVIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos
+ the nosotros -amos stays the same for present and preterit tense |
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Term
The PRETERIT Tense -er and -ir Verbs - Examples
1. Anoche comimos en un buen restaurante
2. Condujiste solo a Chicago? |
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Definition
The PRETERIT Tense -er and -ir Verbs - Examples
1. Last night we ate at a good restaurante
2. Did you drive alone to Chicago. |
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Term
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ar
Normally stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er do not have a stem change in the preterit. They follow the same patterns as -as and -er regular verbs. Salir is also regular in the preterit.
PENSAR
1. yo pensé
2. tú pensaste
3. él pensó
4. nosotro pensamos
5. vosotros pensasteis
6. ellos pensaron |
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Definition
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ar
Normally stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er do not have a stem change in the preterit. They follow the same patterns as -as and -er regular verbs. Salir is also regular in the preterit.
PENSAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -er
Normally stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er do not have a stem change in the preterit. They follow the same patterns as -as and -er regular verbs. Salir is also regular in the preterit.
ENTENDER
1. yo entendí
2. tú entendiste
3. él entendió
4. nosotro entendimos
5. vosotros entendisteis
6. ellos entendieron |
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Definition
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -er
Normally stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er do not have a stem change in the preterit. They follow the same patterns as -as and -er regular verbs. Salir is also regular in the preterit.
ENTENDER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ir
Normally stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er do not have a stem change in the preterit. They follow the same patterns as -as and -er regular verbs. Salir is also regular in the preterit.
SALIR
1. yo salí
2. tú saliste
3. él slió
4. nosotro salimos
5. vosotros salisteis
6. ellos salieron |
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Definition
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ir
Normally stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er do not have a stem change in the preterit. They follow the same patterns as -as and -er regular verbs. Salir is also regular in the preterit.
SALIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él ___
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ir
HOWEVER stem-changing verbs with -ir do change in the preterit. ONLY for fist person singular (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). E->I, O->U
PEDIR
1. yo pedí
2. tú pediste
3. él pidió (stem change)
4. nosotro pedimos
5. vosotros pedisteis
6. ellos pidieron (stem change) |
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Definition
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ir
HOWEVER stem-changing verbs with -ir do change in the preterit. ONLY for fist person singular (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). E->I, O->U
PEDIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ir
HOWEVER stem-changing verbs with -ir do change in the preterit. ONLY for fist person singular (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). E->I, O->U
DORMIR
1. yo dormí
2. tú dormiste
3. él durmió (stem change)
4. nosotro dormimos
5. vosotros dormisteis
6. ellos durmieron (stem change) |
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Definition
Stem-Changing Verbs in the PRETERIT -ir
HOWEVER stem-changing verbs with -ir do change in the preterit. ONLY for fist person singular (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). E->I, O->U
DORMIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT Verbs that end in -gar, -car and -zar have spelling changes in the first person singular preterit (yo). Other forms are regular
1. llegar -> yo llegué
2. buscar -> yo busqué
3. empezar -> yo empecé
+ uniquely similar to present subjunctives; llegue and busque, but not empiece |
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Definition
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT Verbs that end in -gar, -car and -zar have spelling changes in the first person singular preterit (yo). Other forms are regular
1. llegar -> yo
2. buscar -> yo
3. empezar -> yo |
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Term
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron
Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
CONSTRUIR
1. yo construí
2. tú construiste
3. él construyó (stem change)
4. nosotro construimos
5. vosotros construisteis
6. ellos construyeron (stem change) |
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Definition
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron
Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
CONSTRUIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él __ (stem change)
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos __ (stem change) |
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Term
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron
Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
LEER
1. yo leí
2. tú leiste
3. él leyó (stem change)
4. nosotro leímos
5. vosotros leisteis
6. ellos leyeron (stem change) |
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Definition
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron
Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
LEER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él __ (stem change)
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos __ (stem change) |
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Term
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron
Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
OÍR
1. yo oí
2. tú oiste
3. él oyó (stem change)
4. nosotro oímos
5. vosotros oísteis
6. ellos oyeron (stem change)
+ Exceptions to this rule are verbs ending with -traer, such as traer and atraer. They are irregular |
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Definition
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron
Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
OÍR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él __ (stem change)
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos __ (stem change)
+ Exceptions to this rule are verbs ending with -traer, such as traer and atraer. They are irregular |
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Term
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
CAER
1. yo caí
2. tú caiste
3. él cayó (stem change)
4. nosotro caímos
5. vosotros caísteis
6. ellos cayeron (stem change)
+ Exceptions to this rule are verbs ending with -traer, such as traer and atraer. They are irregular |
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Definition
Spelling changes in the PRETERIT - Change to -yó or -yeron Verbs that end in -uir, -eer and -oír have spelling changes in the third person singular preterit (él, ella, usted) and third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes). Other forms are regular
CAER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él __ (stem change)
4. nosotro
5. vosotros
6. ellos __ (stem change)
+ Exceptions to this rule are verbs ending with -traer, such as traer and atraer. They are irregular |
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Term
Uses of the PRETERIT
Describe actions in the past that are completed
1. Mis padres llegaron ayer
2. Ayer corrí tres millas
3. A qué hora empezó a llover
4. Yasmín viajó a Perú.
5. Constuyeron un edificio nuevo |
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Definition
Uses of the PRETERIT
Describe actions in the past that are completed
1. My parents arrived yesterday
2. Yesterday I jogged three miles
3. What time did it start raining
4. Yasmin traveled to Peru.
5. They built a new building |
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Term
Uses of the PRETERIT - adverbial words or phrases
Describe actions in the past that are completed. The following adverbial words or phrases that refer to the past will often tip you off that the preterit should be used.
1. Ayer
2. Anteayer
3. Anoche
4. El otro día
5. La semana pasada
6. El mes pasado
7. El año pasado |
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Definition
Uses of the PRETERIT - adverbial words or phrases
Describe actions in the past that are completed. The following adverbial words or phrases that refer to the past will often tip you off that the preterit should be used.
1. Yesterday
2. The day before yesterday
3. Last night
4. The other day
5. Last week
6. Last month
7. Last year |
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Term
Uses of the PRETERIT - Examples..
The completed actions in the past expressed with the preterit can be single events, repeated events or part of a chain of events but these have to begin, occur, or end at the precise moment.
1. Fui a la comisaía tres veces
2. Trabajé de nueve a cinco.
3. Encendí el celular y llamé a mi madre
The preterit can also state the beginning or the end of an action.
4. El niño empezó a llorar |
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Definition
Uses of the PRETERIT - Examples..
The completed actions in the past expressed with the preterit can be single events, repeated events or part of a chain of events but these have to begin, occur, or end at the precise moment.
1. I went to the police station three times
2. I worked from 9 to 5
3. I turned on the cell phone and called my mom.
The preterit can also state the beginning or the end of an action.
4. The child started to cry. |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs
SER and IR - Conjugated the same as each other.
SER
1. yo fui
2. tú fuiste
3. él fue
4. nosotros fuimos
5. vosotros fuisteis
6. ellos fueron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs
SER and IR - Conjugated the same as each other.
SER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs
SER and IR - Conjugated the same as each other.
IR
1. yo fui
2. tú fuiste
3. él fue
4. nosotros fuimos
5. vosotros fuisteis
6. ellos fueron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs
SER and IR - Conjugated the same as each other.
IR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - EXAMPLES SER and IR - Conjugated the same as each other.
1. Rodrigo fue a Chile
2. Me fui a las ocho
3. Violeta Chamorro fue presidenta de Nicaragua. |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - EXAMPLES SER and IR - Conjugated the same as each other.
1. Rodrigo went to Chile
2. I left at eight.
3. Violeta was the president of Nicaragua |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DECIR and TRAER
DECIR and TRAER - Conjugated the same as each other. Also as ATRAER, CONTRAER, TRADUCIR and PRODUCIR
DECIR
1. yo dije
2. tú dijiste
3. él dijo
4. nosotros dijimos
5. vosotros dijisteis
6. ellos dijeron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DECIR and TRAER
DECIR and TRAER - Conjugated the same as each other. Also as ATRAER, CONTRAER, TRADUCIR and PRODUCIR
DECIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DECIR and TRAER
DECIR and TRAER - Conjugated the same as each other. Also as ATRAER, CONTRAER, TRADUCIR and PRODUCIR
TRAER
1. yo traje
2. tú trajiste
3. él trajo
4. nosotros trajimos
5. vosotros trajisteis
6. ellos trajeron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DECIR and TRAER
DECIR and TRAER - Conjugated the same as each other. Also as ATRAER, CONTRAER, TRADUCIR and PRODUCIR
TRAER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DAR and VER
DAR and VER are conjugated similar to -er and -ir verbs in the preterit, except they don´t take the written accent.
DAR
1. yo di
2. tú diste
3. él dio
4. nosotros dimos
5. vosotros disteis
6. ellos dieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DAR and VER
DAR and VER are conjugated similar to -er and -ir verbs in the preterit, except they don´t take the written accent.
DAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DAR and VER
DAR and VER are conjugated similar to -er and -ir verbs in the preterit, except they don´t take the written accent.
VER
1. yo vi
2. tú viste
3. él vio
4. nosotros vimos
5. vosotros visteis
6. ellos vieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - DAR and VER
DAR and VER are conjugated similar to -er and -ir verbs in the preterit, except they don´t take the written accent.
VER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - QUERER, HACER and VENIR
Other verbs similar to HACER in the preterit include REHACER, DESHACER (to undo), SATISFACER. Other verbs similar to VENIR include PREVENIR and INTERVENIR.
QUERER
1. yo quise
2. tú quisiste
3. él quiso
4. nosotros quisimos
5. vosotros quisisteis
6. ellos quisieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - QUERER, HACER and VENIR
Other verbs similar to HACER in the preterit include REHACER, DESHACER (to undo), SATISFACER. Other verbs similar to VENIR include PREVENIR and INTERVENIR.
QUERER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - QUERER, HACER and VENIR
Other verbs similar to HACER in the preterit include REHACER, DESHACER (to undo), SATISFACER. Other verbs similar to VENIR include PREVENIR and INTERVENIR.
VENIR
1. yo vine
2. tú viniste
3. él vino
4. nosotros vinimos
5. vosotros vinisteis
6. ellos vinieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - QUERER, HACER and VENIR
Other verbs similar to HACER in the preterit include REHACER, DESHACER (to undo), SATISFACER. Other verbs similar to VENIR include PREVENIR and INTERVENIR.
VENIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER
PONER (to put)
1. yo puse
2. tú pusiste
3. él puso
4. nosotros pusimos
5. vosotros pusisteis
6. ellos pusieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER
PONER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER PODER (to be able)
1. yo pude
2. tú pudiste
3. él pudo
4. nosotros pudimos
5. vosotros pudisteis
6. ellos pudieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER PODER (to be able)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER
SABER
1. yo supe
2. tú supiste
3. él supo
4. nosotros supimos
5. vosotros supisteis
6. ellos supieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER
SABER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER
CABER (to fit)
1. yo cupe
2. tú cupiste
3. él cupo
4. nosotros cupimos
5. vosotros cupisteis
6. ellos cupieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - PONER, PODER, SABER and CABER
Other verbs similar to PONER in the preterit include IMPONER, SUPONER, EXPONER, COMPONER
CABER (to fit)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - TENER, ANDAR, ESTAR
Other verbs similar to TENER in the preterit include MANTENER, CONTENER(contain), RETENER (retain), ENTRETENER(entertain), SOSTENER(sustain), OBTENER
ESTAR
1. yo estuve
2. tú estuviste
3. él estuvo
4. nosotros estuvimos
5. vosotros estuvisteis
6. ellos estuvieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - TENER, ANDAR, ESTAR
Other verbs similar to TENER in the preterit include MANTENER, CONTENER(contain), RETENER (retain), ENTRETENER(entertain), SOSTENER(sustain), OBTENER
ESTAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - TENER, ANDAR, ESTAR
Other verbs similar to TENER in the preterit include MANTENER, CONTENER(contain), RETENER (retain), ENTRETENER(entertain), SOSTENER(sustain), OBTENER
TENER
1. yo tuve
2. tú tuviste
3. él tuvo
4. nosotros tuvimos
5. vosotros tuvisteis
6. ellos tuvieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - TENER, ANDAR, ESTAR
Other verbs similar to TENER in the preterit include MANTENER, CONTENER(contain), RETENER (retain), ENTRETENER(entertain), SOSTENER(sustain), OBTENER
TENER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - TENER, ANDAR, ESTAR
Other verbs similar to TENER in the preterit include MANTENER, CONTENER(contain), RETENER (retain), ENTRETENER(entertain), SOSTENER(sustain), OBTENER
ANDAR
1. yo anduve
2. tú anduviste
3. él anduvo
4. nosotros anduvimos
5. vosotros anduvisteis
6. ellos anduvieron |
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Definition
The PRETERIT of Irregular Verbs - TENER, ANDAR, ESTAR
Other verbs similar to TENER in the preterit include MANTENER, CONTENER(contain), RETENER (retain), ENTRETENER(entertain), SOSTENER(sustain), OBTENER
ANDAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT TENSE - Examples
1. Cuando era joven, iba a la playa
2. Caminábamos por el malecón
3. Leía cuando llamó mi novio
4. Tenía dos perros |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT TENSE - Examples
1. When I was young, I would go/used to go to the beach
2. We used to walk along the boardwalk
3. I was reading when my boyfriend called.
4. I had two dogs. |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs -ar
Words end in -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, and -aban. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -ar verbs.
HABLAR
1. yo hablaba
2. tú hablabas
3. él hablaba
4. nosotros hablábamos
5. vosotros hablabais
6. ellos hablaban |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs -ar
Words end in -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, and -aban. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -ar verbs.
HABLAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs -ar
Words end in -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, and -aban. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -ar verbs.
PENSAR
1. yo pensaba
2. tú pensabas
3. él pensaba
4. nosotros pensábamos
5. vosotros pensabais
6. ellos pensaban |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs -ar
Words end in -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, and -aban. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -ar verbs.
PENSAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs -ar
Words end in -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, and -aban. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -ar verbs.
DAR
1. yo daba
2. tú dabas
3. él daba
4. nosotros dábamos
5. vosotros dabais
6. ellos daban |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs -ar
Words end in -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, and -aban. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -ar verbs.
DAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs -er and -ir
Words end in -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, and -ían. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -er and -ir verbs.
COMER
1. yo comía
2. tú comías
3. él comía
4. nosotros comíamos
5. vosotros comíais
6. ellos comían |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs -er and -ir
Words end in -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, and -ían. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -er and -ir verbs.
COMER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs -er and -ir
Words end in -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, and -ían. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -er and -ir verbs.
PEDIR
1. yo pedía
2. tú pedías
3. él pedía
4. nosotros pedíamos
5. vosotros pedíais
6. ellos pedían |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs -er and -ir
Words end in -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, and -ían. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -er and -ir verbs.
PEDIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs -er and -ir
Words end in -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, and -ían. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -er and -ir verbs.
DECIR
1. yo decía
2. tú decías
3. él decía
4. nosotros decíamos
5. vosotros decíais
6. ellos decían |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs -er and -ir
Words end in -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, and -ían. Note there is no stem change in the imperfect for stem-changing -er and -ir verbs.
DECIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs - IRREGULAR
There are only 3 irregular words in the imperfect! SER, IR and VER
SER
1. yo era
2. tú eras
3. él era
4. nosotros éramos
5. vosotros erais
6. ellos eran |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs - IRREGULAR
There are only 3 irregular words in the imperfect! SER, IR and VER
SER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs - IRREGULAR
There are only 3 irregular words in the imperfect! SER, IR and VER
IR
1. yo iba
2. tú ibas
3. él iba
4. nosotros ibamos
5. vosotros ibais
6. ellos iban |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs - IRREGULAR
There are only 3 irregular words in the imperfect! SER, IR and VER
IR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The IMPERFECT Verbs - IRREGULAR
There are only 3 irregular words in the imperfect! SER, IR and VER
VER
1. yo veía
2. tú veías
3. él veía
4. nosotros veíamos
5. vosotros veíais
6. ellos veían |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT Verbs - IRREGULAR
There are only 3 irregular words in the imperfect! SER, IR and VER
VER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT
A. Used to describe continuing, customary, or habitual actions in the past. This is often translated as ´would´ or ´used to´
1. Dábamos una vuelta todas las mañanas
2. Mi tía jugaba a las cartas todos los jueves |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT
A. Used to describe continuing, customary, or habitual actions in the past. This is often translated as ´would´ or ´used to´
1. We would go for a stroll every morning.
2. My aunt used to play play cards every Thursday |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT
B. Ofter, the imperfect describes a contining action that gets interrupted (usually by the preterit)
1. Miraba la televisón cuando sonó el teléfono. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT
B. Ofter, the imperfect describes a contining action that gets interrupted (usually by the preterit)
1. I was watching TV when the phone rang. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES
List of Adverb and Adverbial Phrases that imply a continuing action and signal the use of the imperfect when used in the past.
1. cada día
2. todos los días
3. un día sí, un día no
4. con frecuencia
5. frecuentemente |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES
List of Adverb and Adverbial Phrases that imply a continuing action and signal the use of the imperfect when used in the past.
1. each/every day
2. every day
3. every other day
4. frequently
5. frequently |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES
List of Adverb and Adverbial Phrases that imply a continuing action and signal the use of the imperfect when used in the past.
6. generalmente
7. todas los lunes, martes, etc
8. a menudo
9. cada semana
10. todas las semanas |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES
List of Adverb and Adverbial Phrases that imply a continuing action and signal the use of the imperfect when used in the past.
6. generally
7. every Monday, Tuesday, etc
8. often
9. each week
10. every week |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES
List of Adverb and Adverbial Phrases that imply a continuing action and signal the use of the imperfect when used in the past.
11. siempre
12. a veces
13. varias veces
14. de vez en cuando |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES
List of Adverb and Adverbial Phrases that imply a continuing action and signal the use of the imperfect when used in the past.
11. always
12. sometimes
13. several times
14. from time to time |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES - EXAMPLES
1. Veía mi telenovela cada día
2. Cuando era joven, salía muy a menudo |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - ADVERBS/ADVERBIAL PHRASES - EXAMPLES
1. I watched my soap opera every day
2. When I was young, I used to go/went out often |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Used for descriptions in the past
1. Un día en verano hacía sol.
2. Eran las seis de la mañana y corría en el parque |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Used for descriptions in the past
1. One day in summer it was sunny
2. It was six in the morning and I was jogging in the park. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Used to describe certain Mental activities such as thoughts and feeling in the past.
The imperfect is used becuase mental activity rarelt happens at a precise moment and is usually part of an ongoing process. Verbs that fall in this category used in the imperfect are QUERER, SENTIR, PREFERIR, DESEAR, PODER, PENSAR, CREER, and SABER
1. Sabía que te conocía de algún lugar
2. Mariluz no pensaba que la iban a despedir. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Used to describe certain Mental activities such as thoughts and feeling in the past.
The imperfect is used becuase mental activity rarelt happens at a precise moment and is usually part of an ongoing process. Verbs that fall in this category used in the imperfect are QUERER, SENTIR, PREFERIR, DESEAR, PODER, PENSAR, CREER, and SABER
1. I knew I recognised you from somehwere
2. Mariluz didn´t think they were going to fire her. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Used to talk about time and age in the past.
1. Che Guevera tenía veinticinco años cuando viajó por Suramérica.
2. Eran las tres de la madrugada |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Used to talk about time and age in the past.
1. Che Guevera was 25 when he travelled around South America
2. It was three in the morning |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Summary
A. To describe continuing, customary, or habitual actions in the past. Ofter transalated as was ...ing, would, or used to. Sometimes these actions will be interrupted by the preterit.
1. Miraba la television cuando sonó el telefono.
B. When the past actions are modified by certain adverbs of time and adverbial phrases, such as siempre or con frequencia
2. Cuando ear joven, salía muy a menudo |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Summary
A. To describe continuing, customary, or habitual actions in the past. Ofter transalated as was ...ing, would, or used to. Sometimes these actions will be interrupted by the preterit.
1. I was watching tv when the phone rang
B. When the past actions are modified by certain adverbs of time and adverbial phrases, such as siempre or con frequencia
2. When I was young, I used to go out often |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Summary
C. To make a description in the past
1. Un día en verano hacía sol
D. To describe certain mental activities, such as thoughs and feelings, using verbs such as SENTIR and PENSAR
2. Mary no pensaba que la iban a despedir.
E. To talk about time and age in the past.
3. Eran las tres de la madrugada. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT - Summary
C. To make a description in the past
1. One day in summer it was sunny
D. To describe certain mental activities, such as thoughs and feelings, using verbs such as SENTIR and PENSAR
2. Mary didn´t think she they were going fire her.
E. To talk about time and age in the past.
3. It was 3 in the morning |
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Term
The IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE Tense
1. Estaba bailando
2. Estaban viendo el partido
2.1 Estaban mirando la tele |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE Tense
1. He/I was dancing.
2. They were watching the match.
2.1 They were watching television. |
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Term
The IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE Tense
+Note the verbs IR and VENIR are rarely used in the imperfect progressive.
3. Iban al concierto (IR)
4. Estaba hablando con mi jefe cuando me interrumpiste
5. Estaban viendo el partido cuando empezó a llover |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE Tense
+Note the verbs IR and VENIR are rarely used in the imperfect progressive.
3. They were going to the concert (IR)
4. I was talking to my boss when you interrupted me
5. They were watching the match when it began to rain. |
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Term
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
A. The Preterit tells specifically when something took place - it can be seen as an x on a timeline.
1. Salí anoche
2. Terminaste tu ensyo?
3. No me llamaron ayer. |
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Definition
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
A. The Preterit tells specifically when something took place - it can be seen as an x on a timeline.
1. I went out last night
2. Did you finish your essay
3. They didn´t call me yesterday |
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Term
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
B. The Preterit refers to an action that was repeated multiple times in the past, or for a number of actions that happened successively and that are completed.
1. Te llamé tres veces anoche.
2. Me desperté, me levanté y me duché |
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Definition
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
B. The Preterit refers to an action that was repeated multiple times in the past, or for a number of actions that happened successively and that are completed.
1. He called me three times last night.
2. I woke up, got out of bed and took a shower |
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Term
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
A. The IMPERFECT talks about actions or to make descriptions that do not have a clear beginning or end.
1. Tenía dos perros
2. Marta estaba enferma |
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Definition
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
A. The IMPERFECT talks about actions or to make descriptions that do not have a clear beginning or end.
1. I had (used to have) two dogs.
2. Marta was sick |
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Term
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
A. The IMPERFECT talks about actions that were repeated regularly or habitually in the past, often expressed as ´would´ or ´used to´ in English.
1. Cuando era joven, iba a la playa con mucha frecuencia.
2. Caminábamos por el malecón todos los días |
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Definition
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT
A. The IMPERFECT talks about actions that were repeated regularly or habitually in the past, often expressed as ´would´ or ´used to´ in English.
1. When I was young, I would (used to) go to the beach frequently
2. We used to walk along the boardwalk every day. |
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Term
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Setting the Scene(Description) vs. Interrupted Actions
1. Qué hacían los alumnos cuando entró el profesor?
2. Hacía buen día cuando de repente empezó a llover |
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Definition
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Setting the Scene(Description) vs. Interrupted Actions
1. What were the students doing when the professor entered?
2. The weather was good when suddenly it started to rain. |
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Term
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Setting the Scene(Description) vs. Interrupted Actions
The imperfect also sets the stage for actions in the preterit. In other words, it describes the environment or conditions prevailing when something happened or took place.
1. No quería ir al colegio, pero mis padres me obligaron
2. Anoche llovía cuando salimos |
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Definition
Using the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Setting the Scene(Description) vs. Interrupted Actions
The imperfect also sets the stage for actions in the preterit. In other words, it describes the environment or conditions prevailing when something happened or took place.
1. I didn´t want to go to school, but my parents made me
2. Last nigh it rained/was raining when we went out |
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Term
Uses of the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Uses of the IMPERFECT
A. To describe past actions that have no clear beginning or end.
1. Marta estaba enferma.
B. To describe continuing, customary, or habitual actions in the past
2. Cuando era joven, iba a el parque cada miercoles.
C. For descriptions in the past, or to set the stage for another actions
3. Hacía buen día cuando de repente empezó a llover.
D. To describe certain mental activities, such as thoughts and feelings
4. Sabía que te conocía de algún lugar
E. To talk about time and age in the past
5. Tony tenía venti años cuando viajé por toda europa. |
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Definition
Uses of the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Uses of the IMPERFECT
A. To describe past actions that have no clear beginning or end.
1. Marta was sick.
B. To describe continuing, customary, or habitual actions in the past
2. When I was young, I used to go to the park every Wednesday.
C. For descriptions in the past, or to set the stage for another actions
3. The weather was nice when suddenly it started to rain.
D. To describe certain mental activities, such as thoughts and feelings
4. I knew I recognized your from somewhere
E. To talk about time and age in the past
5. Tony was 20 years old when he traveled around all of Europe. |
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Term
Uses of the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Uses of the PRETERIT
A. To describe actions in the past that are completed
1. Salí anoche.
2. Terminaste tu ensayo?
B. To describe repeated events or a chain of events that took place during specific periods of time.
3. Te llamé tres veces anoche.
C. To signal the beginning or the end of an action.
4. Fue a la playa hace un día.
D. To interrupt ongoing actions
5. No quería ir al colegio, pero mis padres me obligaron |
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Definition
Uses of the PRETERIT and IMPERFECT - Uses of the PRETERIT
A. To describe actions in the past that are completed
1. I went out last night.
2. Did you finish your essay?
B. To describe repeated events or a chain of events that took place during specific periods of time.
3. I called you three times last night.
C. To signal the beginning or the end of an action.
4. I went to the beach a day ago.
D. To interrupt ongoing actions
5. I didn´t want to go to school, but my parents made me. |
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Term
Introduction to the Subjunctive vs. Present
1. No creo que lo sepa. (sub)
2. Claro que sabe! (ind)
1. Espero que vaya Ana al evento (sub)
2. Ana fue al evento (ind)
1. Es importante que seas honesto (sub)
2. Siempre soy honesto (ind) |
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Definition
Introduction to the Subjunctive vs. Present
1. I don´t think he knows it (sub)
2. Of course he knows! (ind)
1. I hope that Ana goes to the event (sub)
2. Ana went to the event (ind)
1. it´s important to be honest (sub)
2. I´m always honest (ind) |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of REGULAR Verbs -ar, -er, -ir For -ar, change to -e, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -en. For -er and -ir, change to -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an.
HABLAR
1. yo hable (present ind. = hablo)
2. tú hables
3. él hable
4. nosotros hablemos
5. vosotros habléis
6. ellos hablen |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of REGULAR Verbs -ar, -er, -ir For -ar, change to -e, -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -en. For -er and -ir, change to -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an.
HABLAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of REGULAR Verbs -ar, -er, -ir
For -ar, change to -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en. For -er and -ir, change to -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an.
COMER
1. yo coma (present ind. = como)
2. tú comas
3. él coma
4. nosotros comamos
5. vosotros comáis
6. ellos coman |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of REGULAR Verbs -ar, -er, -ir
For -ar, change to -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en. For -er and -ir, change to -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an.
COMER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of REGULAR Verbs -ar, -er, -ir
For -ar, change to -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en. For -er and -ir, change to -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an.
VIVIR (present ind. = vivo)
1. yo viva
2. tú vivas
3. él viva
4. nosotros vivamos
5. vosotros viváis
6. ellos vivan |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of REGULAR Verbs -ar, -er, -ir
For -ar, change to -e, -es, -e, -emos, -en. For -er and -ir, change to -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an.
VIVIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ar
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
PENSAR (present ind. = pienso)
1. yo piense
2. tú pienses
3. él piense
4. nosotros pensemos (no stem change)
5. vosotros penséis (no stem change)
6. ellos piensen |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ar
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
PENSAR (present ind. = pienso)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ar
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
CONTAR (present ind. = cuento)
1. yo cuente
2. tú cuentes
3. él cuente
4. nosotros contemos (no stem change)
5. vosotros contéis (no stem change)
6. ellos cuenten |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ar
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
CONTAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -er
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
PERDER (present ind. = pierdo)
1. yo pierda
2. tú pierdas
3. él pierda
4. nosotros perdamos (no stem change)
5. vosotros perdáis (no stem change)
6. ellos pierdan |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -er
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
PERDER (present ind. = pierdo)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -er
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
VOLVER (present ind. = vuelvo)
1. yo vuelva
2. tú vuelvas
3. él vuelva
4. nosotros volvamos (no stem change)
5. vosotros volváis (no stem change)
6. ellos vuelvan |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -er
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For stem changing with -ar and -er use the root of the present indicative yo form except for the nosotros and vosotros forms, which retain the stem of the infinative.
VOLVER (present ind. = vuelvo)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->ie for and o->ue)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->ie for and o->ue stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form except for nosotros and vosotros forms, which use ´i´ for e->ie and use ´u´ for and o->ue.
MENTIR (present ind. = miento)
1. yo mienta
2. tú mientas
3. él mienta
4. nosotros mintamos (stem change e->i)
5. vosotros mintáis (stem change e->i)
6. ellos mientan |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->ie for and o->ue)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->ie for and o->ue stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form except for nosotros and vosotros forms, which use ´i´ for e->ie and use ´u´ for and o->ue.
MENTIR (present ind. = miento)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->ie for and o->ue)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->ie for and o->ue stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form except for nosotros and vosotros forms, which use ´i´ for e->ie and use ´u´ for and o->ue.
DORMIR (present ind. = duermo)
1. yo duerma
2. tú duermas
3. él duerma
4. nosotros durmamos (stem change o->u)
5. vosotros durmáis (stem change o->u)
6. ellos duerman |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->ie for and o->ue)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->ie for and o->ue stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form except for nosotros and vosotros forms, which use ´i´ for e->ie and use ´u´ for and o->ue.
DORMIR (present ind. = duermo)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->i)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->i stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form for all.
PEDIR (present ind. = pido)
1. yo pida
2. tú pidas
3. él pida
4. nosotros pidamos (no stem change)
5. vosotros pidáis (no stem change)
6. ellos pidan |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->i)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->i stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form for all.
PEDIR (present ind. = pido)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->i)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->i stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form for all.
SEGUIR (present ind. = sigo)
1. yo siga
2. tú sigas
3. él siga
4. nosotros sigamos (no stem change)
5. vosotros sigáis (no stem change)
6. ellos sigan |
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Definition
Present Subjunctive of Stem-Changing Verbs -ir (e->i)
For stem-changing words the same pattern holds. For e->i stem changing with -ir, use the root from the yo form for all.
SEGUIR (present ind. = sigo)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs
Most irregular take the change from th ´yo´ form and use throughout.
CONOCER (present ind. = conozco)
1. yo conozca
2. tú conozcas
3. él conozca
4. nosotros conozcamos (no stem change)
5. vosotros conozcáis (no stem change)
6. ellos conozcan |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs
Most irregular take the change from th ´yo´ form and use throughout.
CONOCER (present ind. = conozco)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs
Most irregular take the change from th ´yo´ form and use throughout.
SALIR (present ind. = salgo)
1. yo salga
2. tú salgas
3. él salga
4. nosotros salgamos (no stem change)
5. vosotros salgáis (no stem change)
6. ellos salgan |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs
Most irregular take the change from th ´yo´ form and use throughout.
SALIR (present ind. = salgo)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs
Most irregular take the change from th ´yo´ form and use throughout.
VENIR (present ind. = vengo)
1. yo venga
2. tú vengas
3. él venga
4. nosotros vengamos (no stem change)
5. vosotros vengáis (no stem change)
6. ellos vengan |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs
Most irregular take the change from th ´yo´ form and use throughout.
VENIR (present ind. = vengo)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - More Examples
PRES. INDICATIVE -> PRES. SUBJUNCTIVE
1. decir -> digo -> diga
2. hacer -> hago -> haga
3. oír -> oigo -> oiga
4. poner -> pongo -> ponga
5. tender -> tengo -> tenga |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - More Examples
PRES. INDICATIVE -> PRES. SUBJUNCTIVE
1. decir -> digo ->
2. hacer -> hago ->
3. oír -> oigo ->
4. poner -> pongo ->
5. tender -> tengo -> |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - More Examples
PRES. INDICATIVE -> PRES. SUBJUNCTIVE
6. traer -> traigo -> traiga
7. valer -> valgo -> valga
8. conducir -> conduzco -> conduzca
9. traducir -> traduzco -> traduzca
10. construir -> construyo -> construya
11. caber -> quepo -> quepa |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - More Examples
PRES. INDICATIVE -> PRES. SUBJUNCTIVE
6. traer -> traigo ->
7. valer -> valgo ->
8. conducir -> conduzco ->
9. traducir -> traduzco ->
10. construir -> construyo ->
11. caber -> quepo -> |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
SER (present ind. = soy)
1. yo sea
2. tú seas
3. él sea
4. nosotros seamos
5. vosotros seáis
6. ellos sean |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
SER (present ind. = soy)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
ESTAR (present ind. = estoy)
1. yo esté
2. tú estés
3. él esté
4. nosotros estemos (no accent)
5. vosotros estéis
6. ellos estén |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
ESTAR (present ind. = estoy)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
IR (present ind. = voy)
1. yo vaya
2. tú vayas
3. él vaya
4. nosotros vayamos
5. vosotros vayáis
6. ellos vayan |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
IR (present ind. = voy)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
DAR (present ind. = doy)
1. yo dé
2. tú des
3. él dé
4. nosotros demos
5. vosotros deis
6. ellos den |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
DAR (present ind. = doy)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
SABER (present ind. = sé)
1. yo sepa
2. tú sepas
3. él sepa
4. nosotros sepamos
5. vosotros sepáis
6. ellos sepan |
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Definition
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of IRREGULAR verbs - Very different
Some irregular verbs are entirely irregular in the subjunctive.
SABER (present ind. = sé)
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -zar, the -z changes to -c in subjunctive
Infinitive -> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. empezar -> empiezo -> empiece
2. rechazar -> rechazo -> rechace
3. utilizar -> utilizo -> utilice |
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Definition
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -zar, the -z changes to -c in subjunctive
Infinitive -> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. empezar -> empiezo ->
2. rechazar -> rechazo ->
3. utilizar -> utilizo -> |
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Term
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -ger and -gir, the -g changes to -j in subjunctive Infinitive
-> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. elegir -> elijo -> elija
2. corregir -> corrijo -> corrija
3. escoger -> escojo -> escoja
4. recoger -> recojo -> recoja |
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Definition
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -ger and -gir, the -g changes to -j in subjunctive Infinitive
-> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. elegir -> elijo ->
2. corregir -> corrijo ->
3. escoger -> escojo ->
4. recoger -> recojo -> |
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Term
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -car, the -c changes to -qu in subjunctive
Infinitive -> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. buscar -> busco -> busque
2. marcar -> marco -> marque
3. tocar -> toco -> tocque |
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Definition
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -car, the -c changes to -qu in subjunctive
Infinitive -> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. buscar -> busco ->
2. marcar -> marco ->
3. tocar -> toco -> |
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Term
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -gar, the -g changes to -gu in subjunctive
Infinitive -> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. pagar -> pago -> pague
2. llegar -> llego -> llegue
3. ligar -> ligo -> ligue |
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Definition
Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive - verbs ending -gar, the -g changes to -gu in subjunctive
Infinitive -> Ind. Pres. -> Sub. Pres.
1. pagar -> pago ->
2. llegar -> llego ->
3. ligar -> ligo -> |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express DOUBT and UNCERTAINTY
A. Sub. is often followed by the word ´que´.
1. INDICATIVE -> 2. SUBJUNCTIVE
A. Example
1. Sandra no viene a casa
2. No creo que Sandra venga a casa
B. Example
1. No voy a aprobar el examen
2. Dudo que apruebe el examen
C. Example
1. Adán no sabe español
2. Es dudoso que Adán sepa español |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express DOUBT and UNCERTAINTY
A. Sub. is often followed by the word ´que´.
1. INDICATIVE -> 2. SUBJUNCTIVE
A. Example
1. Sandra is not coming ove
2. I don´t think Sandra is coming ove
B. Example
1. I´m not going to pass the exam
2. I doubt I´ll pass the exam
C. Example
1. Adán doesn´t know Spanish
2. It´s doubtful Adán knows Spanish |
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Term
Verbs signaling DOUBT or UNCERTAINTY
1. dudar que
2. negar que
3. temer que
4. no creer que
5. no parecer que
6. no pensar que
7. no estar seguro de que
8. no suponer que |
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Definition
Verbs signaling DOUBT or UNCERTAINTY
1. to doubt that
2. to deny that
3. to fear that/ to suspect that
4. to not believe that
5. to not seem that
6. to not think that
7. to not be sure that
8. to not suppose that |
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Term
Verbs signaling DOUBT or UNCERTAINTY - Example Sentences
1. No estoy segura de que venga
2. Temo que Miguel no sepa la dirección |
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Definition
Verbs signaling DOUBT or UNCERTAINTY - Example Sentences
1. I´m not sure he´s coming
2. I fear that Miguel might not know the address |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions Signaling Doubt or Uncertainty - Followed by the word ´que´
1. no es cierto que
2. es dudoso que
3. es imposible que
4. es improbable que
5. es posible que
6. es probable que
7. no es probable que
8. puede ser que |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions Signaling Doubt or Uncertainty - Followed by the word ´que´
1. it´s not true that
2. it´s doubtful that
3. it´s impossible that
4. it´s improbable that
5. it´s possible that
6. it´s probable that
7. it´s not probable that
8. it could be that |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions Signaling Doubt or Uncertainty - Followed by the word ´que´ - Examples
1. Puede ser que todo salga bien
2. Es posible que me den el trabajo |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions Signaling Doubt or Uncertainty - Followed by the word ´que´ - Examples
1. It could be that everything turns out ok
2. It´s possible that they give me the job. |
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Term
Verbs and Expressions signalling the INDICATIVE (not Subjunctive)
1. creer que
2. pensar que
3. saber que
4. no dudar qye
5. no negar que
6. estar seguro de que |
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Definition
Verbs and Expressions signalling the INDICATIVE (not Subjunctive)
1. to believe that
2. to think that
3. to know that
4. to not doubt that
5. to not deny that
6. to be sure that |
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Term
Verbs and Expressions signalling the INDICATIVE (not Subjunctive)
7. es verdad que
8. es cierto que
9. está claro que
10. es evidente que
11. es obvio que
12. no hay duda de que |
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Definition
Verbs and Expressions signalling the INDICATIVE (not Subjunctive)
7. it´s true that
8. it´s certain that
9. it´s clear that
10. it´s evident that
11. it´s obvious that
12. there´s no doubt that |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE
Doesnt use the conjunction que. These usually follow the words cuando, donde, como, and sometime quien, as well as expressions such as el que, and lo que.These expressions are used to express ambivalence, in the same way we use -ever in English to say whatever, whenever, however, whomever. If you don´t care what happens next then the future is deemed unclear.
1. Dónde comemos?
-Donde sea. (sub. pres.)
2. Cuándo quieres ir?
- Cuando tú digas. (sub. pres.) |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE
Doesnt use the conjunction que. These usually follow the words cuando, donde, como, and sometime quien, as well as expressions such as el que, and lo que.These expressions are used to express ambivalence, in the same way we use -ever in English to say whatever, whenever, however, whomever. If you don´t care what happens next then the future is deemed unclear.
1. Where shall we eat?
-Whereever (it doesn´t matter)
2. When do you want to go out?
- Whenever you say so. |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE - Other Examples
1. Cómo vamos, en tren o en taxi?
-Como quieras. (sub. pres.)
2. A quién invitamos a la boda?
-A quien sea. (sub. pres.)
3. Pido cualquier cosa?
-Si! Pide lo que te guste.(sub. pres.) |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE - Other Examples
1. How are we going, by train or taxi?
-However you want,
2. Whom shall we invite?
-Whomever.
3. Can I order anything (at all)?
-Yes! Order whatever you want. |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE - Other Examples
All verbs are in the Subjunctive
1. como quieras
2. cuando quieras
3. donde quieras
4. lo que quieras |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE - Other Examples
All verbs are in the Subjunctive
1. however you want
2. whenever you want
3. wherever you want
4. whatever you want |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE - Other Examples
All verbs are in the Subjunctive
1. como sea
2. cuando sea
3. donde sea
4. lo que sea |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to express AMBIVALENCE - Other Examples
All verbs are in the Subjunctive
1. however
2. whenever
3. wherever
4. whatever |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY
The subj. is used after ´cuando´ to talk about something that hasn´t happened yet. E.g. I´ll let her know when I see her. This is uncertain as it is not known for sure if they will see each other.
The ind. (not sub.) is used ´cuando´ when talking about habitual or repeated actions, such as I always fall asleep when I read before bed. (no uncertainty)
A. INDICATIVE: Always or usually happens
1. Cuando me llama, me da piel de gallina.
2. Siempre me quemo cuando voy a la playa
3. Ester suda much cuando hace ejercicio. |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY
The subj. is used after ´cuando´ to talk about something that hasn´t happened yet. E.g. I´ll let her know when I see her. This is uncertain as it is not known for sure if they will see each other.
The ind. (not sub.) is used ´cuando´ when talking about habitual or repeated actions, such as I always fall asleep when I read before bed. (no uncertainty)
A. INDICATIVE: Always or usually happens
1. I get goose bumos when (every time) he calls me
2. I always burn myself when I hot to the beach
3. Ester sweats a lot when she exercises |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY
The subj. is used after ´cuando´ to talk about something that hasn´t happened yet. E.g. I´ll let her know when I see her. This is uncertain as it is not known for sure if they will see each other.
A. SUBJUNCTIVE: Will likely or may happen in the future
1. Te llamaré cuando llegue (sub.)
2. Silvia viene cuando termine (sub.)
3. José será (sub.) famoso cuando publiquen su libro |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY
The subj. is used after ´cuando´ to talk about something that hasn´t happened yet. E.g. I´ll let her know when I see her. This is uncertain as it is not known for sure if they will see each other.
A. SUBJUNCTIVE: Will likely or may happen in the future
1. I will call you when I get in
2. Silvia will come when she finishes her work
3. José will be famous when they publish his book |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY - With conjugations other than ´cuando´
1. antes de que
2. en cuanto
3. a menos que
4. para que
5. a pesar de que
6. tan pronto como
7. sin que |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY - With conjugations other than ´cuando´
1. before
2. as soon as
3. unless
4. so that; in order that
5. despite
6. as soon as
7. without |
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Term
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY - With conjugations other than ´cuando´ - Examples
1. Termino el trabajo antes de que te vayas
2. Abrimos los regalos en cuanto lleguen los primos
3. Pongo el plato en el microondas para que se caliente |
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Definition
Using the SUBJUNCTIVE to Express FUTURE UNCERTAINTY - With conjugations other than ´cuando´ - Examples
1. I´ll finish the work before you leave
2. We´ll open the presents as soon as the cousins arrive
3. I´ll put the dish in the microwave so that it warms up. |
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Term
Using the Subjunctive to Express -
1. WISHES,
2. WANTS,
3. DESIRE (including,
- Wanting,
- Wishing,
- Hoping,
- Requesting,
- Suggesting,
- Commanding,
- Ordering, and
- Insisting) |
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Definition
Using the Subjunctive to Express -
1. WISHES,
2. WANTS,
3. DESIRE (including,
- Wa______
- Wi______
- Ho______
- Req______
- Sug______
- Com______
- Or______, and
- Ins______ |
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Term
Verbs Signaling WISHES, WANTS and DESIRE
1. desear que
2. esperar que
3. insistir que
4. pedir que
5. preferir que |
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Definition
Verbs Signaling WISHES, WANTS and DESIRE
1. to desire, wish that
2. to hope that
3. to insist that
4. to ask that
5. to prefer that |
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Term
Verbs Signaling WISHES, WANTS and DESIRE
6. prohibir que
7. querer que
8. recomendar que
9. rogar que
10. sugerir que |
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Definition
Verbs Signaling WISHES, WANTS and DESIRE
6. to prohibit that
7. to want that
8. to recommend that
9. to beg that
10. to suggest that |
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Term
Verbs Signaling WISHES, WANTS and DESIRE - Example Sentences (after que follows the subjunctive)
1. Prefiero que no lo hagas (sub.)
2. Mi madre insiste que vaya (sub.) al médico |
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Definition
Verbs Signaling WISHES, WANTS and DESIRE - Example Sentences (after que follows the subjunctive)
1. I prefer that you not do it
2. My mother insists that I go to the doctor. |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions Signalling WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRE
1. es aconsejable que
2. hace falta que
3. es mejor que
4. es necesario que |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions Signalling WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRE
1. it´s advisable that
2. it´s necessary that
3. it´s better that
4. it´s necessary that |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions Signalling WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRE - Example Sentences
1. Es necessario que vayas (sub.) a clase
2. Es mejor que llamemos (sub.) a la policía
+ Note the negative of these impersonal expressions and verbs also takes the subjunctive, not the indicative.
3. No es necesario que me llames
4. No hace falta que te vayas
5. No quiero que te vayas |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions Signalling WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRE - Example Sentences
1. It´s necessary that you go to class
2. It´s better if/that we call the police
+ Note the negative of these impersonal expressions and verbs also takes the subjunctive, not the indicative.
3. It´s not necessary that you call me
4. It´s not necessary that you say it
5. I don´t want you to go |
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Term
Indirect Commands with the SUBJUNCTIVE
Indirect commands can be formed with que + the subjunctive. This is similar to saying Quiero que... but dropping the Quiero.
1. Quiero que se vayan
2. Que se vayan!
3. Que me llames!
4. Que ganen el partido |
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Definition
Indirect Commands with the SUBJUNCTIVE
Indirect commands can be formed with que + the subjunctive. This is similar to saying Quiero que... but dropping the Quiero.
1. I want them to leave
2. Have them leave!
3. Call me!
4. May they win the game |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List
+ Note as long as the context implies subjectivity you can put almost any adjective between es...and...que (including emotion and opinion)
A. Doubt and Uncertainty
1. no es cierto que
2. es dudoso que
3. es imposible que
4. es posible que
5. es probable que
6. no es probable que |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List
+ Note as long as the context implies subjectivity you can put almost any adjective between es...and...que (including emotion and opinion)
A. Doubt and Uncertainty
1. It´s not more true that
2. it´s doubtful that
3. it´s impossible that
4. it´s improbable that
5. it´s possible that
6. it´s not probable that |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List
+ Note as long as the context implies subjectivity you can put almost any adjective between es...and...que (including emotion and opinion)
B. COMMAND and DESIRE
1. es aconsejable que
2. hace falta que
3. es mejor que
4. es necesario que |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List
+ Note as long as the context implies subjectivity you can put almost any adjective between es...and...que (including emotion and opinion)
B. COMMAND and DESIRE
1. It´s advisable that
2. It´s necessary that
3. it´s better that
4. it´s necessary that |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List
+ Note as long as the context implies subjectivity you can put almost any adjective between es...and...que (including emotion and opinion)
C. EMOTION and OPINION
1. es bueno que
2. es difícil que
3. es importante que
4. es increíble que
5. es una lástima que
6. es malo que
7. es triste que |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List
+ Note as long as the context implies subjectivity you can put almost any adjective between es...and...que (including emotion and opinion)
C. EMOTION and OPINION
1. it´s good that
2. it´s unlikely that
3. it´s important that
4. it´s incredible that
5. it´s a shame that
6. it´s bad that
7. it´s sad that |
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Term
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List - Example Sentences
1. Es mejor que vayas al médico
2. Es posible que gane las elecciones |
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Definition
Impersonal Expressions and the SUBJUNCTIVE - Full List - Example Sentences
1. You´d better go to the doctor (its a good idea for you to go to the doctor)
2. It´s possible that he wins the election (he may win the election) |
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Term
Expressions that DON´T take the Subjunctive - (Impersonal expressions that take the indicative)
DONT USE WITH SUBJUNCTIVE
1. es cierto que
2. está claro que
3. no hay duda de que
4. es evidente que
5. es obvio que
6. es verdad que |
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Definition
Expressions that DON´T take the Subjunctive - (Impersonal expressions that take the indicative)
DONT USE WITH SUBJUNCTIVE
1. its true that
2. its clear that
3. thers no doubt that
4. its evident that
5. its obvious that
6. its true that |
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Term
Questioning Existence with the Subjunctive
Used when asking whether something exists or when seeking something that may or may not exist. This type of question stays in the subjunctive until it is answered in the affirmative, where it takes the indicative.
1. Hay una tienda por aquí que esté (sub.) abierta a esta hora (asking asking if the store does or doesn´t exist)
-No, no hay ninguna tienda por aquí que esté (sub.) abierta (sub.) (store still doesn´t exist)
-Sí, hay una tienda a la vuelta que está (indicativo) abierta hasta medianoche. (discovered the store now exists) |
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Definition
Questioning Existence with the Subjunctive
Used when asking whether something exists or when seeking something that may or may not exist. This type of question stays in the subjunctive until it is answered in the affirmative, where it takes the indicative.
1. Is there a store near here that is open at his hour?
-No, thes no store near here thats open
-Yes, there is a store around the corner that is open until midnight. |
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Term
Questioning Existence with the Subjunctive
Used when asking whether something exists or when seeking something that may or may not exist. This type of question stays in the subjunctive until it is answered in the affirmative, where it takes the indicative.
In these indefinite situations with the subjunctive, when a person or persons are the direct object, the personal ´a´ is not used.
1. Busco un médico que hable (sub.) español.
2. Hay un médico qye hable (sub.) español por aquí?
3. Sí, conozco ´a´ un médico qye habla (ind.) español. (ind. thus the ´a´ is used) |
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Definition
Questioning Existence with the Subjunctive
Used when asking whether something exists or when seeking something that may or may not exist. This type of question stays in the subjunctive until it is answered in the affirmative, where it takes the indicative.
In these indefinite situations with the subjunctive, when a person or persons are the direct object, the personal ´a´ is not used.
1. I´m looking for a doctor who speaks Spanish.
2. Is there a doctor who speaks Spanish near here?
3. Yes, I know a doctor who speaks Spanish. |
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Term
Questioning Existence with the Subjunctive - Examples (while travelling)
1. Busco un cajero automático que acepte (sub.) tarjetas internacionales.
2. Necesito un médico que hable (sub.) inglés.
3. Hay otro cuarto que tenga (sub.) vista?
4. Hay un lugar donde pueda dejar el equipaje? |
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Definition
Questioning Existence with the Subjunctive - Examples (while travelling)
1. I´m looking for an ATM that accepts internation cards.
2. I need an doctor that can speak English
3. Is there another room that I can see?
4. Is there somewhere where I can leave my luggage? |
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Term
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
A. Used to present subjective ideas
1. Es importante que aprendas el subjuntivo
B. Is usually, but not always signaled by que
2. Insisto que hables con tu jefe
C. Used after expressions of DOUBT and UNCERTAINTY
3. Dudo que apruebe el examen |
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Definition
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
A. Used to present sub_____ i____.
1. Its important that you learn the subjunctive
B. Is usually, but not always signaled by ____
2. I insist that you talk with your boss
C. Used ____ expressions of D____ and UN_____
3. I doubt that he´ll pass the exam. |
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Term
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
D. Used to express ambivalence or future uncertainty
4. Empezamos cuando llegue Donato
5. Emprezamos cuando sea.
E. Used to express wishes, wants, and desire. This includes wanting, wishing, hoping, requesting, suggesting, commanding, ordering and insisting.
6. Espero que llame
7. Que empiecen los juegos!
8. Ojalá que sobrevivan |
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Definition
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
D. Used to express ambivalence or future uncertainty
4. We´ll begin when Donato arrives
5. We´ll begin whenever
E. Used to express wishes, wants, and desire. This includes wanting, wishing, hoping, requesting, suggesting, commanding, ordering and insisting.
6. I hope she calls
7. Let the games begin!
8. Let´s hope they survive. |
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Term
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
F.Used with es...que impersonal expressions, to express (a) doubt and uncertainty, (b) wishes, wants and desires, and (c) emotions and opinions.
9. Es una lástima que no venga Mario.
G. Used with other expressions of (a) doubt and uncertainty, (b) wishes, wants and desires, and (c) emotions and opinions.
10. Qué pena que no les guste el restaurante.
11. Me extraña much que no haya nadie en el trabajo hoy.
H. To talk about things that may or may not exist.
12. Busco una tienda que venda pan. |
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Definition
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
F.Used with es...que impersonal expressions, to express (a) doubt and uncertainty, (b) wishes, wants and desires, and (c) emotions and opinions.
9. It´s a shame that Mario isn´t coming
G. Used with other expressions of (a) doubt and uncertainty, (b) wishes, wants and desires, and (c) emotions and opinions.
10. What a shame that they don´t like the restaurant
11. It seems strange that no one is at work today.
H. To talk about things that may or may not exist.
12. I´m looking for a store that sells bread. |
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Term
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
I. The subjunctive is not used with expressions of certainty and objectivity. These take on the indicative.
13. Está claro que están enamorados.
14. Jorge piensa que somos hermanos
15. Hay una tienda que vende pan en la calle Séptima |
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Definition
A Review of the SUBJUNCTIVE
I. The subjunctive is not used with expressions of certainty and objectivity. These take on the indicative.
13. Its clear that they´re in love
14. Jorge thinks we´re siblings
15. There´s a store that sells brad on Seventh street. |
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Term
Forming the PAST PARTICIPLE (PP)
To form the PP, drop the ending -ar, -er or -ir from the infinitive and add -ado (for -ar verbs) and -ido (for -er and -ir verbs)
1. hablar -> hablado
2. beber -> bebido
3. vivir -> vivido |
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Definition
Forming the PAST PARTICIPLE (PP)
To form the PP, drop the ending -ar, -er or -ir from the infinitive and add -ado (for -ar verbs) and -ido (for -er and -ir verbs)
1. hablar ->
2. beber ->
3. vivir -> |
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Term
Forming the PAST PARTICIPLE (PP)
Even irregular Spanish Verbs follow these rules for the PP
1. ir -> ido
2. ser -> sido
3. estar -> estado
4. saber -> sabido
+ Note the PP of caer, creer, leer, and traer have an accent mark over the i: caído, creído, leído, and traído |
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Definition
Forming the PAST PARTICIPLE (PP)
Even irregular Spanish Verbs follow these rules for the PP
1. ir ->
2. ser ->
3. estar ->
4. saber ->
+ Note the PP of caer, creer, leer, and traer have an accent mark over the i: caído, creído, leído, and traído |
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Term
PAST PARTICIPLES or IRREGULAR Verbs
1. abrir -> abierto
2. cubrir -> cubierto
3. decir -> dicho
4. escribir -> escrito
5. freír -> frito |
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Definition
PAST PARTICIPLES or IRREGULAR Verbs
1. abrir ->
2. cubrir ->
3. decir ->
4. escribir ->
5. freír -> |
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Term
PAST PARTICIPLES or IRREGULAR Verbs
6. hacer -> hecho
7. morir -> muerto
8. poner -> puesto
9. resolver -> resuelto
10. romper -> roto
11. ver -> visto
12. volver -> vuelto |
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Definition
PAST PARTICIPLES or IRREGULAR Verbs
6. hacer ->
7. morir ->
8. poner ->
9. resolver ->
10. romper ->
11. ver ->
12. volver -> |
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Term
PAST PARTICIPLES or IRREGULAR Verbs
Verbs based on the previous irregular verbs follow the same rules.
13. descrubir -> descubierto
14. imponer -> impuesto
15. devolver -> devuelto
16. satisfacer -> satisfecho |
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Definition
PAST PARTICIPLES or IRREGULAR Verbs
Verbs based on the previous irregular verbs follow the same rules.
13. descrubir ->
14. imponer ->
15. devolver ->
16. satisfacer -> |
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Term
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE
The PP can be used as a descriptive adjective, often with the verb estar. Like most adjectives it agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies.
1. La puerta está abierta
2. Mario está deprimido
3. Las ventana están cerradas
4. Los huevos estaban rotos |
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Definition
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE
The PP can be used as a descriptive adjective, often with the verb estar. Like most adjectives it agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies.
1. The door is open.
2. Mario is depressed
3. The windows are closed
4. The eggs were broken |
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Term
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE
You´ll notice that a multitude of common expressions and vocabulary are derived from the PP. Here are just a few:
1. estar bien visto
2. estar mal visto
3. por lo visto
4. bien hecho
5. poco hecho |
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Definition
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE
You´ll notice that a multitude of common expressions and vocabulary are derived from the PP. Here are just a few:
1. to be considered acceptable
2. to be frowned upon
3. apparently
4. well done
5. rare (as in cooked meat) |
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Term
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE
You´ll notice that a multitude of common expressions and vocabulary are derived from the PP. Here are just a few:
6. trato hecho
7. estar hecho polvo
8. ida y vuelta
9. dar la vuelta
10. estar de vuelta
11. dar una vuelta |
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Definition
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE
You´ll notice that a multitude of common expressions and vocabulary are derived from the PP. Here are just a few:
6. it´s a deal
7. to be exhausted
8. round trip
9. to turn over
10. to be back
11. to go for a walk |
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Term
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE - Examples
1. voy a dar una vuelta por el barrio
2. en algunas culturas, está mal visto andar con manga corta |
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Definition
Using the PAST PARTICIPLE as an ADJECTIVE - Examples
1. I´m going to go for a walk around the neighborhood
2. In some cultures, wearing short sleeves is frowned upon |
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Term
The PASSIVE Voice - Ser + the Past Participle
The passive voice is usually used when the agent of the action is unimportant or doesnt want to be indentified, when the action itself is important and should be highlighted, or is in the news headlines.
+ In Spanish the PP agrees with the subject of the sentence when used in the passive voice construction.
1. El décimo planeta fue descubierto en 2005 |
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Definition
The PASSIVE Voice - Ser + the Past Participle
The passive voice is usually used when the agent of the action is unimportant or doesnt want to be indentified, when the action itself is important and should be highlighted, or is in the news headlines.
+ In Spanish the PP agrees with the subject of the sentence when used in the passive voice construction.
1. The tenth planet was discovered in 2005 |
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Term
The PASSIVE Voice - Ser + the Past Participle
1. El décimo planeta fue descubierto en 2005
If you want to introduce the agent of the action, use ´por´ (by)
2. El décimo planeta fue descubierto por el Dr. Mike Brown en 2005.
To make this sentence active, change the verb in the past participle to an active verb. Notice how the agent becomes the subject of the sentence.
3. El Dr.Mike Brown descrubió el décimo planeta en 2005 |
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Definition
The PASSIVE Voice - Ser + the Past Participle
1. The tenth planet was discovered in 2005
If you want to introduce the agent of the action, use ´por´ (by)
2. The tenth planet was discovered by Dr.Mike Brown in 2005
To make this sentence active, change the verb in the past participle to an active verb. Notice how the agent becomes the subject of the sentence.
3. Dr.Mike Brown discovered the 10th planet in 2005. |
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Term
The PASSIVE Voice - Ser + the Past Participle - Examples where PP agrees in number and gender with the subject
1. Los edificios fueron construidos el año pasado (edificios and construidos)
2. La cena fue preperada por mi hermana. (cena and preperada) |
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Definition
The PASSIVE Voice - Ser + the Past Participle - Examples where PP agrees in number and gender with the subject
1. The buildings were built last year
2. The dinner was prepared by my sister |
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Term
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
This type of passive is used when the agent is unimportant, unkown or indefinite. You will see this usage often on advertising signs.
1. Se abre a las ocho
2. Se vende
3. Se compra oro y plata
4. Se alguila |
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Definition
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
This type of passive is used when the agent is unimportant, unkown or indefinite. You will see this usage often on advertising signs.
1. Open at eight
2. For sale
3. Silver and gold are bought
4. For rent |
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Term
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
This type of passive is used when the agent is unimportant, unkown or indefinite. You will see this usage often on advertising signs.
5. En España se come muy bien
6. No se ven los toros desde aquí
7. Cómo se dice en español? |
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Definition
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
This type of passive is used when the agent is unimportant, unkown or indefinite. You will see this usage often on advertising signs.
5. In Spain one eats very well (not specifically you)
6. The bulls cant be see from here
7. How do you say passive in Spanish? |
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Term
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
+ Note the third person singular or plural of the verb is used depending on the subject it agrees with.
1. Se vende vino
2. Se venden dulces |
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Definition
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
+ Note the third person singular or plural of the verb is used depending on the subject it agrees with.
1. Wine is sold (here)
2. Sweets are sold (here) |
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Term
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
+ If you add indirect object pronouns to the passive voice with ´se´ you can excuse yourself from almost any blooper or blunder.
1. Se me cayó el vaso
2. Se me fue la hora
3. Se le fue la mano |
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Definition
Using the IMPERSONAL Se - Another way besides using SER + PP
+ If you add indirect object pronouns to the passive voice with ´se´ you can excuse yourself from almost any blooper or blunder.
1. The glass fell (from my hand)
2. The time just disappeared (on me)
3. He overdid it (literally, he lost control of his hand) |
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Term
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense
1. yo he
2. tú has
3. él ha
4. nosotros hemos
5. vosotros habéis
6. ellos han |
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Definition
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense
1. yo h__
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense - Examples with Estar
1. yo he estado
2. tú has estado
3. él ha estado
4. nosotros hemos estado
5. vosotros habéis estado
6. ellos han estado |
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Definition
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense - Examples with Estar
1. i have been
2. you have been
3. he, she, it has been
4. we have been
5. you have been
6. they, you have been |
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Term
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense - Examples with Estar
When the past participle is used in the present perfect, it never agrees with the subject. It always ends in -o
1. María no ha ido a clase
2. Ellos han decidido |
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Definition
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense - Examples with Estar
When the past participle is used in the present perfect, it never agrees with the subject. It always ends in -o
1. María hasn´t gone to class
2. They have decided |
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Term
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense - Examples with Estar
+ Note the conjugated form of haber + the past participle are never seperated (e.g. he ido). This is true even in the negative, in questions or with pronouns.
1. Ustedes han pedido
2. Tú nunca has estado en Boliva.
3. Ha llamado Silvia?
4- Se le ha ido la mano. |
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Definition
The PRESENT PERFECT Tense - Examples with Estar
+ Note the conjugated form of haber + the past participle are never seperated (e.g. he ido). This is true even in the negative, in questions or with pronouns.
1. Have you ordered?
2. You have never been to Bolivia
3. Has Silvia called?
4. He overdid it. |
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Term
Use of the Present Perfect Tense
It describes a past action that is related to the present. Including, an action that starts in the past and that continues into the present, an action associated with the present, or an action or situation often continuing into the present that has no reference to a particular time and therefore has no clear beginning or end.
1. Mi madre ha estado enferma (implies that she is still sick)
2. No han llegado (they´re still not here)
3. Has comido? (have you eaten recently, are you hungry now?) (at an unknown point in time)
4. Hemos estado en París |
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Definition
Use of the Present Perfect Tense
It describes a past action that is related to the present. Including, an action that starts in the past and that continues into the present, an action associated with the present, or an action or situation often continuing into the present that has no reference to a particular time and therefore has no clear beginning or end.
1. My mother has been sick (implies that she is still sick)
2. They havent arrived (they´re still not here)
3. Have you eaten? (have you eaten recently, are you hungry now?)
4. We have been to Paris (at an unknown point in time) |
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Term
Use of the Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect is often used with the adverbs ´ya´ (already/yet( and todavía (still/yet)
1. Han comido ya?
2. -No hemos comida todavía.
In contrast the preterit is used to refer to a completed action in the past with no connections to the present.
3. Comí a las dos
4. Fueron a París el año pasado |
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Definition
Use of the Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect is often used with the adverbs ´ya´ (already/yet( and todavía (still/yet)
1. Have you already eaten?
2. -We haven´t eaten yet. We still haven´t eaten
In contrast the preterit is used to refer to a completed action in the past with no connections to the present.
3. I ate at two o´clock
4. They went to Paris last year |
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Term
Use of the Present Perfect Tense
Also, depending on the context, the preterit and present perfect and can be interchangeable.
1. Ha muerto su padre
2. Murió su padre |
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Definition
Use of the Present Perfect Tense
Also, depending on the context, the preterit and present perfect and can be interchangeable.
1. Her father has died
2. Her father died |
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Term
Use of the Present Perfect Tense - Exceptions
The time expression using hacer, the present tense is used to talk about an action continuing in the present.
1. Vive aquí desde hace tres años
2. Hace media hora que estoy esperando |
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Definition
Use of the Present Perfect Tense - Exceptions
The time expression using hacer, the present tense is used to talk about an action continuing in the present.
1. He´s lived here for 3 years
2. I´ve been waiting for half an hour |
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Term
Use of the Present Perfect Tense - Exceptions, ACABAR DE + INFINATIVE
Also, to say you have just done something, the verb acabar de + infinitive is used in the present.
1. Acabo de terminar
2. Alberto acaba de llegar de Paraguay |
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Definition
Use of the Present Perfect Tense - Exceptions, ACABAR DE + INFINATIVE
Also, to say you have just done something, the verb acabar de + infinitive is used in the present.
1. I´ve just arrived
2. Alberto has just arrived from Paraguay |
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Term
Use of the Present Perfect Tense - Exceptions, LLEVAR
Finally, the verb llevar in the present can also be used idiomatically to talk about how long something has been happening.
1. Estoy cansada. Llevo tres horas estudiando
2. Ustedes llevan cuánto tiempo aqui? |
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Definition
Use of the Present Perfect Tense - Exceptions, LLEVAR
Finally, the verb llevar in the present can also be used idiomatically to talk about how long something has been happening.
1. I´m tired. I´ve been studying for three hours
2. How long have you been here? |
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Term
The PAST PERFECT Tense - An action that happened prior to another action in the past.
The PP is formed by imperfect forms of haber + the past participle.
Imperfect of HABER
1. yo había
2. tú habías
3. él había
4. nosotros habíamos
5. vosotros habñiais
6. ellos habían |
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Definition
The PAST PERFECT Tense - An action that happened prior to another action in the past.
The PP is formed by imperfect forms of haber + the past participle.
Imperfect of HABER
1. yo h___
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
The PAST PERFECT Tense - Example with Estar
Past Perfect of Estar
1. yo había estado
2. tú habías estado
3. él había estado
4. nosotros habíamos estado
5. vosotros habñiais estado
6. ellos habían estado |
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Definition
The PAST PERFECT Tense - Example with Estar
Past Perfect of Estar
1. I had been
2. You had been
3. he had been
4. we had been
5. you had been (pl, informal)
6. you, they had been |
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Term
Use of the PAST PERFECT
The Past Perfect is used to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past, usually in the preterir took place
1. Silvia dijo que había llegado a las cinco
2. El ladrón entró porque Julio no había cerrado la puerta con llave.
3. Los niños ya se habían dormido cuando llegaron los abuelos |
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Definition
Use of the PAST PERFECT
The Past Perfect is used to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past, usually in the preterir took place
1. Silvia said that she had arrived at five o´clock
2. The burglar entered because Julio hadn´t looked the door
3. The kids had already gone to sleep when their grandparents arrived |
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Term
Use of the PAST PERFECT
The comparison with the past action can be stated or implied
1. Todavía no había recibido una repuesta ayer cuando hablé con ella
2. Todavía no había recibido una repuesta |
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Definition
Use of the PAST PERFECT
The comparison with the past action can be stated or implied
1. She still hadn´t recieved an answer when I spoke to her yesterday
2. She still hadn´t recieved an answer |
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Term
Use of the PAST PERFECT
You will often see that the past perfect used with the expressions
1. ya
2. todavía
3. antes (de)
4. después (de)
5. cuando |
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Definition
Use of the PAST PERFECT
You will often see that the past perfect used with the expressions
1. (already/yet),
2. (still/yet),
3. (before),
4. (after), and
5. (when) |
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Term
Use of the PAST PERFECT - Examples
You will often see that the past perfect used with the expressions
1. No habíamos comido antes de salir
2. Ya habían ido al museo antes?
3. Todavía no habían terminado cuando me fui. |
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Definition
Use of the PAST PERFECT - Examples
You will often see that the past perfect used with the expressions
1. We hadn´t eaten before going out
2. Had they/you already been to the museum before?
3. They still hadn´t finished when I left |
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Term
The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Used in the same situations as the present subj. except it expresses the past.
The basic rule is that the imperfect subjunctive is used when the main clause triggering the subjunctive is in the past or in the conditional.
Compare the below:
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (present)
1. Yo quiero que vayas a la tienda
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (past)
2. Yo quería que fueras a la tienda. |
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Definition
The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Used in the same situations as the present subj. except it expresses the past.
The basic rule is that the imperfect subjunctive is used when the main clause triggering the subjunctive is in the past or in the conditional.
Compare the below:
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (present)
1. I want you to go to the store
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (past)
2. I wanted you to go the store |
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Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
Take the ellos/ellas (third person plural) form of the preterit tense of the verb and drop the -ron.
Inifinitve -> Ellos/ellas -> Drop the -ron
1. hablar -> hablaron -> habla
2. decir -> dijeron -> dije-
3. comer -> comieron -> comie- |
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Definition
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
Take the ellos/ellas (third person plural) form of the preterit tense of the verb and drop the -ron.
Inifinitve -> Ellos/ellas -> Drop the -ron
1. hablar ->
2. decir ->
3. comer -> |
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Term
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
Take the ellos/ellas (third person plural) form of the preterit tense of the verb and drop the -ron. Then add the following endings:
1. yo habla -ra
2. tú habla -ras
3. él habla -ra
4. nosotros habla -rámos
5. vosotros habla -rais
6. ellos habla -ran
+ Note the nosotros form always carries an accent mark ober the to last syllable i.e. habláramos |
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Definition
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
Take the ellos/ellas (third person plural) form of the preterit tense of the verb and drop the -ron. Then add the following endings:
1. yo habla
2. tú habla
3. él habla
4. nosotros habla
5. vosotros habla
6. ellos habla |
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Term
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Examples
HABLAR
1. yo hablara
2. tú hablaras
3. él hablara
4. nosotros hablarámos
5. vosotros hablarais
6. ellos hablaran
+ Note the third person plural ellos/ellas form in the preterit always ends in -ron. In the imperfect subjunctive it always ends in -ran. |
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Definition
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Examples
HABLAR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos
+ Note the third person plural ellos/ellas form in the preterit always ends in -ron. In the imperfect subjunctive it always ends in -ran. |
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Term
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Examples
DECIR
1. yo dijera
2. tú dijeras
3. él dijera
4. nosotros dijéramos
5. vosotros dijerais
6. ellos dijeran |
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Definition
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Examples
DECIR
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Examples
COMER
1. yo comiera
2. tú comieras
3. él comiera
4. nosotros comiéramos
5. vosotros comierais
6. ellos comieran |
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Definition
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Examples
COMER
1. yo
2. tú
3. él
4. nosotros
5. vosotros
6. ellos |
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Term
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - ALTERNATIVE ENDINGS in Spain (uncommon)
Endings, with -se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen
COMER
1. yo comiese
2. tú comieses
3. él comiese
4. nosotros comiésemos
5. vosotros comieseis
6. ellos comiesen |
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Definition
Formation of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - ALTERNATIVE ENDINGS in Spain (uncommon)
Endings, with -se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen
COMER
1. yo c
2. tú c
3. él c
4. nosotros c
5. vosotros c
6. ellos c |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
In the main clause the Imperfect Subj. appear in the past or the conditional. Express subjective feelings such as doubt, uncertainty, wishes, wants and desires, as well as feelings and emotions. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
In the main clause the Imperfect Subj. appear in the past or the conditional. Express subjective feelings such as doubt, uncertainty, wishes, wants and desires, as well as feelings and emotions. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing DOUBT and UNCERTAINTY in the PAST
When Doubt or Uncertainty is expressed in the past or conditional it is followed by a subordinate clause in the imperfect subjunctive
1. El profesor dudaba (past) que los estudiantes aprobaran (imp. sub.) el examen.
2. Es imposible que fuera (imp. sub.) a la India.
3. No sé donde está. Quizás saliera (imp. sub.) un rato. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing DOUBT and UNCERTAINTY in the PAST
When Doubt or Uncertainty is expressed in the past or conditional it is followed by a subordinate clause in the imperfect subjunctive
1. The professor doubted that the students passed the exam.
2. It´s impossible that he went to India.
3. I dont know where she is. Maybe she went out a for a minute. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRES in the PAST
1. Quería que me llamara (imp. sub.) antes de irse.
2. Elena esperaba que fuéramos (imp. sub.) a su concierto.
3. Fue imposible que llegara (imp. sub.) a tiempo. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRES in the PAST
1. I wanted him to call me before he left.
2. Elena hoped that we would go to her concert.
3. It was impossible for her to arrive on time. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRES in the PAST
Ojalá (or Qjalá que) can also be used with the imperfect subjunctive to say I wish... or If only... When used this way, the speaker is implying that its unlikely or impossible that the wish will come true.
1. Ojalá pudieras (imp. sub.) venir esta noche.
2. Ojalá tuviera (imp. sub.) dinero para comprar una casa. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRES in the PAST
Ojalá (or Qjalá que) can also be used with the imperfect subjunctive to say I wish... or If only... When used this way, the speaker is implying that its unlikely or impossible that the wish will come true.
1. I wish you could come tonight.
2. If only I had the money to buy a house |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRES in the PAST
Compare this to Ojalá used with the present subjunctive to say, ´I hope...´, which expresses something that is more likely to happen.
1. Ojalá que vengas a mi casa esta noche. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing WISHES, WANTS, and DESIRES in the PAST
Compare this to Ojalá used with the present subjunctive to say, ´I hope...´, which expresses something that is more likely to happen.
1. I hope you come to my house tonight. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressions with IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS in the PAST
These cues express subjective ideas of wanting or doubting, as well as feelings, emotions, or opinions.
1. ´Fue tan triste que´ muriera así
2. ´Sería mejor que´ tomaras un taxi
3. ´Fue importantísimo que´ aprendiera usted español. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressions with IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS in the PAST
These cues express subjective ideas of wanting or doubting, as well as feelings, emotions, or opinions.
1. It was so sad that she died like that
2. It would be better if you took a taxi
3. It was very important that you learn Spanish. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - With other Expressions that CUE the Subjunctive
The same expressions that cue the subjunctive in the present also can be used in the past.
1. ´Qué pena que´ se acabara así!
2. ´Sentí´ mucho que no nos acordáramos de su cumpleaños. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - With other Expressions that CUE the Subjunctive
The same expressions that cue the subjunctive in the present also can be used in the past.
1. What a shame that it ended like that
2. I was sorry that we didn´t remember her birthday. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - To talk about something that MAY or MAY NOT Exist
The subj. is used because the outcome of the situation is unknown or uncertain.
1. Busco una tienda que venda pan (present. subj.)
The same applies if the main clause is in the past tense or in the conditional.
2. Buscaba una tienda que veniera pan (imp sub)
Remeber that once the idea, event or thing is confirmed to exist, the indicative (not sub) is used.
3. Encontré una tienda que vendía pan (imp ind) |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - To talk about something that MAY or MAY NOT Exist
The subj. is used because the outcome of the situation is unknown or uncertain.
1. I´m looking for a store that sells bread.
The same applies if the main clause is in the past tense or in the conditional.
2. I was looking for a store that sold bread.
Remeber that once the idea, event or thing is confirmed to exist, the indicative (not sub) is used.
3. I found a store that sold bread. |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - When Future Uncertainty becomes Past Certainty
The Present Subj. is used to express future uncertainty with expressions such as cuando and hasta que. This is becuase the actions have not yet occurred, and hence are uncertain. E.g.
1. Te llamo cuando llegue (prest. subj.)
However, in the past expressions of time such as cuando, hasta que, en cuanto, tan pronto como, and después de que always take the indicative (not subj.) sunce the action has already taken place.
2. Te llamé cuando llegué (preterit ind.)
3. Ellos me reconocieron tan pronto como me vieron (pret. ind.) |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - When Future Uncertainty becomes Past Certainty
The Present Subj. is used to express future uncertainty with expressions such as cuando and hasta que. This is becuase the actions have not yet occurred, and hence are uncertain. E.g.
1. I´ll call you when I arrive (prest. subj.)
However, in the past expressions of time such as cuando, hasta que, en cuanto, tan pronto como, and después de que always take the indicative (not subj.) sunce the action has already taken place.
2. I called you when I arrived (preterit ind.)
3. They recognized me as soon as they saw me (preterit. ind.) |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - When Future Uncertainty becomes Past Certainty
However, conjunctions that do not express time often ´do´ take the imperfect subjunctive when used in the past. These include sin que, a menos que, a pesar de que, and para que.
1. La chica salió sin que sus padres lo supieran.
2. Mi hermana no comería los callos a menos que los comiera yo.
These conjunctions use the indicative, however, when stating facts, especially in past time.
3. Salí a pesar de que llovía |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - When Future Uncertainty becomes Past Certainty
However, conjunctions that do not express time often ´do´ take the imperfect subjunctive when used in the past. These include sin que, a menos que, a pesar de que, and para que.
1. The girl went out without her parents knowing.
2. My sister wouldn´t ear the tripe unless I ate it.
These conjunctions use the indicative, however, when stating facts, especially in past time.
3. I went out even though it was raining |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Choosing between the Subjunctive and the Conditional
Many of the English translations of the Spanish imperfect subjunctive are in the conditional, or would form in English. For example.
1. No pensaba que fuéramos a su casa (imp sub.)
When the idea being expressed in Spanish is NOT a subjunctive idea (signalling subjunctive) the Spanish conditional is in fact used. They are usually declarations of certainty or fact.
2. Sabía que iríamos a su casa (cond.) |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Choosing between the Subjunctive and the Conditional
Many of the English translations of the Spanish imperfect subjunctive are in the conditional, or would form in English. For example.
1. He didn´t think we would go to his house (imp sub.)
When the idea being expressed in Spanish is NOT a subjunctive idea (signalling subjunctive) the Spanish conditional is in fact used. They are usually declarations of certainty or fact.
2. He knew that we would go to his house. (cond.) |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses
Si (if) clauses, also known as conditional are used to talk about conditions, real, unreal, or past and their actual hypothetical results. There are three main types of sentences that use a main clause and a ´si´ clause to express conditions. They are:
A) Main Clause - B) Si Clause - C) Usage
1. A) Present or Future - B) si + present - C) Real or possible situations
2. Conditional - B) si + Imp. Subj. - C) Hypothetical situations
3. A) Conditional perfect - B) si + past perfect subj. - C) Impossible past situations
+ The order of the two clauses is unimportant but the formation of each clause should follow the above chart. |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses
Si (if) clauses, also known as conditional are used to talk about conditions, real, unreal, or past and their actual hypothetical results. There are three main types of sentences that use a main clause and a ´si´ clause to express conditions. They are:
A) Main Clause - B) Si Clause - C) Usage
1. A) Present or Future - B) si + present - C) ...
2. Conditional - B) si + Imp. Subj. - C) ...
3. A) Conditional perfect - B) si + past perfect subj. - C) ...
+ The order of the two clauses is unimportant but the formation of each clause should follow the above chart. |
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Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing POSSIBLE or REAL CONDITIONS
Conditional sentences can be used to express something that is likely to happen - a condition that is real, as opposed to hypothetical. In this case, the sentences take the following form:
A) Main Clause: Present or Future + Si Clause: Si + Present
1. Te ayudaré.... si termino mis deberes.
+ Remember, si is always paired with the present and the clause takes the future (or the present) |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing POSSIBLE or REAL CONDITIONS
Conditional sentences can be used to express something that is likely to happen - a condition that is real, as opposed to hypothetical. In this case, the sentences take the following form:
A) Main Clause: Present or Future + Si Clause: Si + Present
1. I will help you... if I finish my homework
+ Remember, si is always paired with the present and the clause takes the future (or the present) |
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Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing HYPOTHETICAL or UNLIKELY SITUATIONS
One of the most important uses of Imp. Subj. is to express a hypothetical or unlikely result of a situation. In this case the main clause takes the conditional, and the ´si´ clause takes the Imp. Subj.
A) Main Clause: Conditional + Si Clause: Si + Imperfect Subjunctive
1. Iría contigo... si no tuviera clase ahora |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing HYPOTHETICAL or UNLIKELY SITUATIONS
One of the most important uses of Imp. Subj. is to express a hypothetical or unlikely result of a situation. In this case the main clause takes the conditional, and the ´si´ clause takes the Imp. Subj.
A) Main Clause: Conditional + Si Clause: Si + Imperfect Subjunctive
1. I would go with you... if I didn´t have class now. |
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Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing HYPOTHETICAL or UNLIKELY SITUATIONS
Hypothetical si clauses can be used to express a number of ideas.
Á. To talk about a situation that is untrue or contrary to fact.
1. Si supiera francés hablaría con ella
B. To talk about hypothetical situations
2. Ganarías más dinero si trabajaras más
C. To talk about something that is unlikely to happen
3. Si ganara la lotería, me compraría una casa en la playa |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing HYPOTHETICAL or UNLIKELY SITUATIONS
Hypothetical si clauses can be used to express a number of ideas.
Á. To talk about a situation that is untrue or contrary to fact.
1. If I knew French, I would talk to her (but you don´t)
B. To talk about hypothetical situations
2. You would earn more moeny if you worked more (but you don´t)
C. To talk about something that is unlikely to happen
3. If I won the lottery, I´d buy a house on the beach (but this is a dream) |
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Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing IMPOSSIBLE PAST SITUATIONS
The situations are impossible because they are in the past and didn´t happen (e.g. if I had been a better friend she wouldn´t have left).
Formed by A) Main Clause: Conditional Perfect and Si Clause: si + Past Perfect Subjunctive
1. No lo habría hecho.... si lo hubiera sabido |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - Expressing IMPOSSIBLE PAST SITUATIONS
The situations are impossible because they are in the past and didn´t happen (e.g. if I had been a better friend she wouldn´t have left).
Formed by A) Main Clause: Conditional Perfect and Si Clause: si + Past Perfect Subjunctive
1. I wouldn´t have done it... if I had known. |
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Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - CONDITIONAL PERFECT
+ The conditional perfect is used to say ´would have´ or ´would not have´. Conditional Perfect = Conditional of haber + the Past Participle of the verb
Conditional of HABER + Past Participle
1. yo habría + estado
2. tí habrías + estado
3. él habría + estado
4. nosotros habríamos + estado
5. vosotros habríais + estado
6. ellos habrían + estado |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - CONDITIONAL PERFECT
+ The conditional perfect is used to say ´would have´ or ´would not have´. Conditional Perfect = Conditional of haber + the Past Participle of the verb
Conditional of HABER + Past Participle
1. I would have been
2. you would have been
3. he would have been
4. we would have been
5. you would have been
6. they/you would have been |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
+ Use Imperfect Subjunctive + Past Participle
HABER
1. yo hubiera + hecho
2. tí hubieras + hecho
3. él hubiera + hecho
4. nosotros hubiéramos + hecho
5. vosotros hubierais + hecho
6. ellos hubieran + hecho |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Conditional Sentences with ´Si (if)´ clauses - PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
+ Use Imperfect Subjunctive + Past Participle
HABER
1. I had done
2. you had done
3. he had done
4. we had done
5. you had done
6. they/you had done |
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Term
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing IMPOSSIBLE PAST SITUATIONS
Formed by A) Main Clause: Conditional Perfect and Si Clause: si + Past Perfect Subjunctive
1. Si te hubiera visto te habría saludado
2. Me habrías invitado si te hubieras acordado?
+ Often and quite common, Spanish speakers will use the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE for both the si clause and the resultant clause. This is common and the meaning is the same. e.g. Si
3. si te hubiera visto, te hubiera saludado |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing IMPOSSIBLE PAST SITUATIONS
Formed by A) Main Clause: Conditional Perfect and Si Clause: si + Past Perfect Subjunctive
1. If I had seen you I would have said hello
2. Would you have invited me if you had remembered?
+ Often and quite common, Spanish speakers will use the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE for both the si clause and the resultant clause. This is common and the meaning is the same. e.g. Si
3. If I had seen you I would have said hello |
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Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing IMPOSSIBLE PAST SITUATIONS - Sentences with COMO SI
Similar to the ´si´ clauses, the phrase ´como si (as if)´ followed by the imperfect subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive can be used to convey something that is contrary to fact or hypothetical. This is similar to saying something like ´As if it were the end of the world´.
1. Ella habla como si lo supiera todo
2. Como si fuera el fin del mundo
3. Él actúa como si hubiera ganado el premio Nobel |
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Definition
Uses of the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - Expressing IMPOSSIBLE PAST SITUATIONS - Sentences with COMO SI
Similar to the ´si´ clauses, the phrase ´como si (as if)´ followed by the imperfect subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive can be used to convey something that is contrary to fact or hypothetical. This is similar to saying something like ´As if it were the end of the world´.
1. She talks as if she knew everthing
2. As if it were the end of the world
3. He acts as if he had won the Nobel prize. |
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