Term
| Relative Pronouns = that, which, who, whose, and whom |
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Definition
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Term
Relative Pronouns
1. que
2. quien, quienes
3. el que, la que, los que, las que |
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Definition
Relative Pronouns
1. that, which, who or whom
2. who or whom
3. the one who, or the ones who or which |
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Term
Relative Pronouns - Que is the most common
1. Apareció una mujer con un cartel ´que´ decía
2. El instrumento que toco es el bajo |
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Definition
Relative Pronouns - Que is the most common
1. A woman appeared with a sign ´that´ said ¨Hawaii school of languages¨
2. The instrument (that) I play is the bass. |
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Term
Relative Pronouns - Que is the most common
The relative pronoun is used to join two phrases that talk about a shared noun. E.g. the shared noun is ´aventura´, the clause ´que nunca olidaría´ describes the ´aventura´ she would never forget.
1. Sara tuvo una aventura
2. Nunca olvidaría la aventura.
3. Sara tuvo una aventura que nunca olvidaría. |
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Definition
Relative Pronouns - Que is the most common
The relative pronoun is used to join two phrases that talk about a shared noun. E.g. the shared noun is ´aventura´, the clause ´que nunca olidaría´ describes the ´aventura´ she would never forget.
1. Sara had an adventure.
2. She would never forget that adventure
3. Sara had an adventure (that) she would never forget. |
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Term
Relative Pronouns
+ Note in English the relative pronoun (que/that) can be removed, in Spanish it MUST be included.
1. Sara tuvo una aventura que nunca olvidaría.
2. El instrumento que toco es el bajo. |
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Definition
Relative Pronouns
+ Note in English the relative pronoun (que/that) can be removed, in Spanish it MUST be included.
1. Sara had an adventure (that) she would never forget.
2. The instrument (that) I play is the bass. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - Que
Que is the most common, and can refer to people or things, as that, which, who, or whom.
1. La mujer que grita está enojada
2. La actriz que conocí es famosa. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - Que
Que is the most common, and can refer to people or things, as that, which, who, or whom.
1. The woman who is yelling is angry
2. The actress whom I met is famous |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - Que
Que is the most common, and can refer to people or things, as that, which, who, or whom.
3. La leche qye compraste está mala.
4. La casa que se vende, es muy cara |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - Que
Que is the most common, and can refer to people or things, as that, which, who, or whom.
3. The milk that you bought is spoiled
4. The house, which is for sale, is very expensive |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - Que
Que is invariable, whether the noun it refers to is singular or plural, male or female. Remember de+el=del, a+el=al
1. el apartamento que vi era demasiado pequeño.
2. El apartamento del que hablas es de mi hijo
3. Éste es el bar al que vamos todos los viernes |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - Que
Que is invariable, whether the noun it refers to is singular or plural, male or female. Remember de+el=del, a+el=al
1. The apartment that I saw was too small
2. The apartment that you´re speaking about is my son´s.
3. This is the bar that we go to every Friday. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - Quien
Whereas que can refer to people or things, quien (who or whom) refers only to people. Plural of quien is quienes.
1. El chico que habla es mi hermano.
2. Las personas con quienes trabajo son muy inteligentes. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - Quien
Whereas que can refer to people or things, quien (who or whom) refers only to people. Plural of quien is quienes.
1. The boy ´who/that´ is talking is my brother.
2. The people with whom I work are very smart. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - Quien
QUE usually follows the noun it refers to, QUIEN often appears after a preposition (e.g. con, en, etc). After a preposition, QUIEN must be used when talking about a person. (QUE is only used after a preposition to describe a think).
1. El tipo fui al cine es mi primo.
2. Mi amiga es la persona estoy pensando.
pero..
3. El grupo del que hablo toca cumbia |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - Quien
QUE usually follows the noun it refers to, QUIEN often appears after a preposition (e.g. con, en, etc). After a preposition, QUIEN must be used when talking about a person. (QUE is only used after a preposition to describe a think).
1. The guy with whom I went to the movies with is my cousin.
2. My friend is the person who(m) I´m thinking about.
but..
3. the group I´m talking about plays cumbia. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - Quien
When the pronoun refers to a person who functions as the ´direct object´ of the verb in the relative clause, either QUE or QUIEN can be used. In this case, the personal ´a´ is used with QUIEN, but not with QUE.
1. La mujer a quien vi anoche es mi ex novia.
2. La mujer que vi anoche es mi ex novia. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - Quien
When the pronoun refers to a person who functions as the ´direct object´ of the verb in the relative clause, either QUE or QUIEN can be used. In this case, the personal ´a´ is used with QUIEN, but not with QUE.
1. The woman with whom I saw last night is my ex-girlfriend.
2. The woman that I saw last night is my ex-girlfriend. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - QUE or QUIEN
How do you know when the relative pronoun is in the direct object position or in the subject position? Compare the following:
SUBJECT POSITION:
1. El chico que habla (no ´a´ personal)
DIRECT OBJECT POSITION:
2. El chico a quien (yo) veo (uses ´a´ personal) |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - QUE or QUIEN
How do you know when the relative pronoun is in the direct object position or in the subject position? Compare the following:
SUBJECT POSITION:
1. The buy who speaks..
DIRECT OBJECT POSITION:
2. The boy who(m) I see.. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - QUE or QUIEN
In addition, the relative pronoun is usually a direct object when you can omit it in the English translation. For example:
1. = DIRECT OBJECT, 2. = SUBJECT
1. El amigo a quien llamo..
2. Ek médico, quien trabaja en el hospital...
1. El amigo el que llamo...
2. El señor que está sentado allí...
1. Los amigos a los que espero
1. Los amigos a quienes espero... |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - QUE or QUIEN
In addition, the relative pronoun is usually a direct object when you can omit it in the English translation. For example:
1. = DIRECT OBJECT, 2. = SUBJECT
1. The friend (who) I´m calling
2. The doctor, who works in the hospital..
1. The friend that I´m calling..
2. The gentleman who is sitting over there..
1. The friends (that) I´m waiting for..
1. The friends (whom) I´m waiting for... |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE
EL QUE has 4 forms, el que, la que, los que, las que. Used in the SUBJECT or OBJECT POSITION, and can refer to PEOPLE or THINGS. They agree in number and gender with the nouns they refer to. In English they are translated as ´the one who´, or ´the ones who´. Notice who el que can replace the noun it refers to.
1. El profesor que nos enseña es muy estricto.
2. El que nos enseña es muy estricto. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE
EL QUE has 4 forms, el que, la que, los que, las que. Used in the SUBJECT or OBJECT POSITION, and can refer to PEOPLE or THINGS. They agree in number and gender with the nouns they refer to. In English they are translated as ´the one who´, or ´the ones who´. Notice who el que can replace the noun it refers to.
1. The professor who teaches us is very strict.
2. The one who teaches us is very strict. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE
El que can also be used to emphasize the noun.
1. Mi hermana llega.
2. La que llega es mi hermana |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE
El que can also be used to emphasize the noun.
1. My sister is arriving
2. The one who is arriving is my sister. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE
El que, la que, los que, and las que can be used to replace QUE and QUIEN when you want to be very precise.
1. Las amigas que conocí en la universidad están de visita.
2. Mis amigas, las que conocí en la universidad, están de visita. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE
El que, la que, los que, and las que can be used to replace QUE and QUIEN when you want to be very precise.
1. My friends who(m) I met at the university are visiting.
2. My friends, the ones I met in college, are visiting. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE -> EL CUAL
The pronouns el cual, la cual, los cuales, and las cuales can replace el que, la que, los que, and las que but are not common in colloquial usage and sound very formal.
When used after prepositions, el que, la que, los que, and las que mean WHICH. The longer forms of el que, etc are usually used after longer prepositions, such as ´alrededor de´, atras de, encima de, durante, etc. They are also often used AFTER por, sin and para, which otherwise might cause confusion when used with que.
1. La clase durante la que dormí fue muy aburrida.
2. El parque alrededir del que corremos es bastante grande. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE -> EL CUAL
The pronouns el cual, la cual, los cuales, and las cuales can replace el que, la que, los que, and las que but are not common in colloquial usage and sound very formal.
When used after prepositions, el que, la que, los que, and las que mean WHICH. The longer forms of el que, etc are usually used after longer prepositions, such as ´alrededor de´, atras de, encima de, durante, etc. They are also often used AFTER por, sin and para, which otherwise might cause confusion when used with que.
1. The class during which I slept was very boring
2. The park around which we jog is quite large. |
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Term
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE -> EL CUAL
In these situation (as per previous slide) el cual, la cual, los cuales, and las cuales may be used instead, since the style is rather complex and formal.
1. Los días durante los cuales esperamos los resultados de las pruebas parecían eternos.
2. Ésas son las razones por las cuales no puedo acudir a clase. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronoun - EL QUE -> EL CUAL
In these situation (as per previous slide) el cual, la cual, los cuales, and las cuales may be used instead, since the style is rather complex and formal.
1. The days during which we waited for the test results seemed endless
2. These are the reasons why (for which) I can´t go to class. |
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Term
The Relative Pronouns LO QUE and LO CUAL
Lo que and lo cual are beuter pronouns, which means they are used to refer to nouns whose genders we dont know. The phrase lo que in particular is very useful in Spanish.
1. No entiendo lo que me estás diciendo.
2. Lo que necesitas es un buen masaje. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronouns LO QUE and LO CUAL
Lo que and lo cual are beuter pronouns, which means they are used to refer to nouns whose genders we dont know. The phrase lo que in particular is very useful in Spanish.
1. I don´t understand ´what´ you are telling me.
2. ´What´ you need is a good massage. |
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The Relative Pronouns LO QUE and LO CUAL
Lo que and lo cual can also refer to general actions, which do not have genders.
1. Fuimos a la playa sin él, lo cual lo enojó mucho.
2. Ayer hice dos horas de ejercicio, lo que me dejó cansadísima. |
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Definition
The Relative Pronouns LO QUE and LO CUAL
Lo que and lo cual can also refer to general actions, which do not have genders.
1. We went to the beach without him, which made him really angry.
2. Yesterday I did two hours of excercise, which left me very tired. |
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The Relative Pronouns LO QUE and LO CUAL
The differences between lo que and lo cual is that LO CUAL can only refer to something specific (to refer to something that is known or has been mentioned). LO QUE can be used like LO CUAL or additionally, to refer to something that hasn´t been mentioned yet or which remains unspecified.
1. Lo que me dijiste ayer fue increíble
2. Ayer me dijiste que ganaste un millón de dólares, lo que/lo cual es increíble |
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Definition
The Relative Pronouns LO QUE and LO CUAL
The differences between lo que and lo cual is that LO CUAL can only refer to something specific (to refer to something that is known or has been mentioned). LO QUE can be used like LO CUAL or additionally, to refer to something that hasn´t been mentioned yet or which remains unspecified.
1. What you told me yesterday was unbelievable. (lo cual could not be used here, since the specific item, event, or circumstance has not yet been mentioned.)
2. Yesterday you told me you won a million dollars, which is incredible. (here lo cual can also be used, since the topic has already been introduced.) |
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Term
The Relative Adjective CUYO
The relative adjective CUYO means WHOSE in English, and has four forms that agree with the nouns it modifies: cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas.
1. La chica, cuyo equipaje perdió la aerolínea, se quedó sin ropa. (here CUYO agrees with equipaje)
2. El diputado, cuya hija robó dinero, está metido en un escándalo. (here CUYA agrees with HIJA) |
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Definition
The Relative Adjective CUYO
The relative adjective CUYO means WHOSE in English, and has four forms that agree with the nouns it modifies: cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas.
1. The girl, whose luggage the airline lost, ended up without any clothes
2. The senator, whose daughter stole money, is in the middle of a scandal. |
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