Term
| 3 Characteristics of Enlightenment in Spanish America? |
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Definition
1. Taught people to question beliefs (legitimization of dissent)
2. Affected every aspect of life (from politics to religion)
3. Enlightened Reforms (specifically designed to increase Spanish power by increasing control and taxation over colonies) |
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Term
| Fleet System (Bourbon Trading Reform) |
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Definition
| Twice a year fleets would sail from and to colonies in an effort to reduce the amount of illegal trading. Later, the Spanish Court would start authorizing individual ships to sail out for trading. |
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Term
| 1778 Free Trade Reform (Bourbon Trading Reform) |
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Definition
| Allows ships to sail from any Spanish port to a Spanish America port, while continuing an exclusion of other countries. This is the first big reform. Not real free trade (only for Spanish) |
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Term
| Example of an Upper Administrative Bourbon Reform |
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Definition
| Two new vice-royalties were created in Bogota and Buenos Aires. |
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Term
| Examples of Lower Administrative Bourbon Reforms |
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Definition
1. Intendancy was introduced-instead of using local representatives the crown started to use salaried individuals under their direct control. These people would bring forth new information about the colonies
2. Spanish Government also practices exclusion of American-born Spaniards in higher public office positions. There is growing resentment towards this development. |
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Term
| End Results of Spanish Bourbon Reforms (5) |
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Definition
1. Trade generally increased
2. Revenues (taxes) increased
3. Public administration was more effective
4. Control of the colonies was tightened
5. Alienated Creoles (American-born Spaniards) |
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Term
| Characteristics of Independence Movement Leaders in Spanish America (3) |
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Definition
1. Tended to have broad perspectives
2. Came from elite class, usually from a family with grievances
3. Elites desperately wanted real free-trade, where the import/exports were not exclusively limited to Spanish merchants. |
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Term
| List Two "Elite" Independence Leaders and briefly describe |
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Definition
1. Simon Bolivar-Son of a wealthy merchant; well traveled. Father could not obtain an aristocratic title leading to resentment
2. San Martin-Present during the French Revolution. From the military and disgruntled at career stagnation |
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Term
| Napoleon's Invasion of Spain (in relation to Mexico i.e. "juntas") |
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Definition
1. Product of the French Revolution
2. Napoleon wants to keep British out of Europe, takes King Ferdinand VII prisoner, and places his brother on the throne leading to resistance (formation of the word guerilla)
3. Colonies deny French rule and set up juntas (committees of higher level people used to run the governments until the king’s return) |
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Term
| Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Priest) |
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Definition
| Gives up prominent status to become a rural priest in the town of Dolores. In 1803, the Inquisition opened a file on him which described him as affected by the enlightenment ideals of France. Established a tannery, new agricultural methods and crops, organized Indians in co-ops to improve their trade, advocated abolition. Hidalgo and a group of conspirators begin meeting to discuss independence. When soldiers are sent to arrest them they ring the church bells and prematurely begin their movement (Shout of Dolores). More of a mob than a professional army (made up of the poor). Sacked the mining town of Guanajuato and slaughtered all Spaniards therein which frightened Hidalgo. He would later hesitate sending in his forces to attack Mexico City, perhaps because of the perceived impending violence. Due to this, his movement was defeated and he would be captured in 1811 and executed. After this, most of the Creole elite pull support from a social revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Born September 30, 1765 in Valladolid, Mexico. Grew up in poverty, worked as a cowhand and at 25 joined the priesthood. In 1811 he joined Miguel Hidalgo's insurrection and, after Hidalgo's death, took command of the movement in southern Mexico. Between 1812 and 1815 he controlled most of Mexico southwest of Mexico City. He called the Congress of Chilpancingo in 1813 to form a government. In November the congress declared Mexico's independence. |
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Term
Flashpoints of Conflict between Libs and Conservs
19th Century Spanish America |
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Definition
| 1. Fuerto- Priests go to a special court, so do military men. Liberals want juridical equality. 2. Church had major landholdings and a lot of wealth. “Dead-hand” of the church referred to the churches holding of land, never to be sold again. Liberals called for the free circulation of land (capitalism) 3. Liberals call for private land holdings for indigenous communities as opposed to communal lands. 4. Spirit of Corporate Bodies-the grouping of different people into political blocks (Indigenous, Elite, Peasants etc.) |
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Term
| Valentin Gomez Farias (President 1830s-1840s) |
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Definition
| He is a middle-class background physician, a classic Liberal. 1832 Liberals are voted to power where he is the vice president to Santa Anna. After Santa Anna leaves to tend to his property, he leaves control to Farias. Ends the “fuerto” system, carried out attacks on church power, sought to develop a secular public education system, made tithes to the Church voluntary, monks and friars were now allowed to leave their orders. Offends the military and church. Overthrown by Santa Anna and Conservatives, undo all reforms except optional tithes. |
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Term
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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Definition
| Not a doctrinal liberal or conservative but instead would cater to both sides. The most prominent military leader in the country with very strong military support. Born into the Creole aristocracy, and was involved in the overthrow of Iturbide. Played a key role in repelling the Spanish reoccupation of Mexico and was an adept politician. Liberals and Conservatives were evenly balanced (and at stalemate) so Santa Anna was able to maintain control for a long time. Lost a leg, became a martyr, and made a comeback in the “Pastry War” against the French, after his loss to the Texans. Interested in personal glory, erected a statue, had a personal theater. |
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Term
| James K. Polk & the Mexican-American War |
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Definition
| Wins presidency of United States in 1844 and annexes Texas. Mexican American War is underway and Mexico begins to lose. The Liberals wanted to arm the local populations but conservatives did not. Treaty of Guadalupe de Hidalgo outlines the loss of territories to Mexico. Texas, Arizona, California and other areas were given to the U.S. |
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Term
| Revolution of Ayulta (1854-1855) |
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Definition
| Lead by Juan Alvarez, this revolution of exiles against Santa Anna ushers in a new period of reform. |
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Term
| Ignacio Comonfort (1855-1858) |
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Definition
| Moderate Liberal, wealthy-born Creole and military officer. Conservatives rebel against his presidency |
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Term
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Definition
| Product of brief civil war between Liberals and Conservatives. Of Indian background, was orphaned, lived a life of poverty until he was helped by a Franciscan monk. Initially entered the seminary then enters law school where he became a lawyer with a social conscious. As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Juarez took power when another civil war took place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of reforms brought on by Liberals after Conservatives were discredited for their loss to America |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Made it illegal for corporations (church and Indian communities) to be landowners. Converted confiscated land into private property. Took Indian land and divided it amongst the male head-of-household |
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Term
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Definition
| Varius measures carried out to weaken the Church. In 1857, for example, the State become the official record-keeper.Poor had to receive the sacraments for free. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new constitution is written in 1857, and omitted saying that Catholicism was the State religion. In 1859, monasteries and nunneries were not to accept new members and when their current occupants died they would have to be closed. Attempted to centralize power to the government. Pope Pius threatens excommunication to anyone endorsing the Constitution. |
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Term
| Maximilian Rise and Fall in Mexico |
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Definition
| Mexico is in heavy debt after the War and places a moratorium on paying foreign debt. British, Spanish, and French begin seizing ports and later the three (including Mexican Conservatives) conspire to support a French-backed monarch in Mexico (Maximilian is established as the Emperor). Maximilian did not return church lands, was open to liberal ideals, new foreign investment, a new commercial code was introduced, and the first commercial bank was chartered. Later Liberals build up forces and harass the French to the point of a stalemate. What breaks the stalemate are increasing tensions in Europe causing Napoleon to recall his troops. Juarez comes back to power. |
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Term
| Juarez Back in Power (after Maximilian) |
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Definition
| Decides that the need for a heavier centralized government and began to rule with more authority (re-elected against party tradition. Tolerated little dissidence and was an avid promoter of paying off national debts, encourages foreign investment, reduced the size of the army, and created many political enemies (army, political big shots) |
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Term
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Definition
Came to power in 1876 after the Rebellion in the same year. Wanted to industrialize and attract foreign investment. He thought certain steps were needed:
Political Stability
Reduction in Corruption
Foreign Debts Must be Repaid |
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Term
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Definition
| • Takes an aggressive stance against rebellions, passes laws allowing police officers to shoot fleeing suspects, rural police were introduced and usually consisted of bandits and other people of questionable backgrounds |
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Term
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Definition
| • Needed to establish a reputation of credit-worthiness and changed many things to reduce government corruption. Diaz reduced government employee payments and a strict policy on incarcerating corrupt officials. |
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Term
| Porfirio and Infrastructure |
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Definition
| He succeeded in constructing a working transportation system (with thanks to foreign powers) and thus lowered railroad costs for the transportation of resources. Mining-there was large scale investment in mining from foreign investors (particularly America) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Total economic output sharply increased. The domestic market and the foreign market both saw significant gains. Exports increased by 800%. |
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Term
| Porfirio Diaz "wheelin' and dealin'" |
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Definition
| Diaz is in power for almost three decades. He is a politically astute person and knows how to “wheel-and-deal”. He would form alliances with some other the wealthiest families by offering them valuable foreign partnerships in exchange for intelligence and support. The problems arise as he cannot give favors to all the elites. The families that were “left-out” of Diaz’ favors were in favor of a more democratic system. In the middle-classes there are liberal ideals that are being infringed upon. Foreign capital in the Northern mining areas excludes and eventually overcomes the families that originally ran the operations. This leads to a call for control on foreign capital investment to improve economic fairness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposition candidate emerges, Francisco Madero, in response to Porfirio's 1908 statement saying that he would step down and allow a democratic vote. The Madero family was a northern mining elite family. Attracted a coalition of dissident groups across the country (groups dissatisfied with the regime. Madero campaigned on the platform of no re-election and “Mexico for the Mexican” (regulations on foreign investment). When Porfirio Diaz sees the support for Madero he shuts it down and throws Madero and other dissenters in prison.the prison experience radicalizes him. His family pleads for his release and finally he is exiled. He starts organizing a rebellion to overthrow the government. Due to the fact that he is a member of the elite many people see him as trustworthy for the views he advocates. |
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Term
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Definition
1. In the North, “Mexico for the Mexicans” is a very appealing idea for elite support
2. In the South, in Morelos, it is the lower class that starts uprising
3. Diaz sees the “writing on the wall” and he eventually agrees to step down in 1911 |
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Term
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Definition
| Elected as President. Steps into a tough position where many former Diaz supporters are against him. He would be overthrown by General Huerta and subsequently shot. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Organized a conspiracy with the old elite that prospered under Diaz
2. Conspirators were looking for a strong man to take control, Madero is shot.
3. American involvement in Madero’s overthrow
4. Doesn’t maintain power for long
5. His opponents include the Constitutionalist Army |
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Term
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Definition
1. Carranza-From the North, old-style type leader.
2. Obregon-From the North, military leader and was very much attuned to the outside world and its perpetual change and saw that the country needed to update its policies and procedures. “Modernizer”
3. Pancho Villa-In the North, left-wing mule driver. As he transports goods due to his business he established many contacts. He didn’t smoke, or drink but projected an image of toughness and rugged, rebel behavior
4. Emiliano Zapata-a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution in the state of Morelos, and the founder of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo. Wanted Land Reform. |
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Term
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Definition
| Obregon defeats Villa utilizing WWI tactics like trench warfare, barbed wire, and machine guns. |
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Term
| Obregon's Broad Political Vision |
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Definition
1. Agrarian reform-giving land back to people from which it was taken
2. Industrial Workers-Unions, strikes, and minimum wages. |
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Term
| 1917 Constitution Under Carranza and Obregon |
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Definition
Leaned more toward the ideals of Obregon: most progressive constitution in the world for this time
1. All land, water, and subsoil rights were declared to be property of the Mexican nation, and their use had to benefit the whole nation. Lays legal bases for land reform, and foreign oil could be expropriated
2. Indian communities that have lost their lands can now recover them
3. Basic workers rights: 8 hour work day, organize unions, strikes, debt servitude was outlawed
4. Anti-clerical measures: Religious institutions would not be allowed to operate schools.
This was not anti-capitalist but instead a nationalist approach. |
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Term
| Carranza, Zapata, and Another Overthrow |
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Definition
1919-Zapata is killed
1920-Carranza's deal with Obregon begins to sour and he is promptly overthrown. |
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Term
| 1920's Mexico and an Attempt to Reconstruct through Social Changes |
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Definition
1. Education-extends to the indigenous population. This was more of a cultural project (Orosco-Muralistas) for the nation. Communities come together to build schools for their respective children. School teachers become important figures in their communities, many times at conflict with local landlords and the Church.
2. Land Reform-viewed as a way to alleviate social tension. Some of Zapata's and Villa's men would receive land. |
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Term
| PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) |
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Definition
| Created by Calles. Held political power in many offices for almost a century. The PRI would rig elections to maintain control and would enjoy this until the 1980's when their tactics would become prevalent in the public and eventually, in 2000, PAN wins, electing Vincente Fox. |
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Term
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Definition
| developed an independent base separate from the PRI with the unions (especially the more militant unions). Rose through military ranks (Brigadier General) during the revolution and becomes a successful politician after. He was an effective communicator and went on a extensive campaign where he was described as “listening more than talking”. Oversaw/supported road building, growth of unions (anti-corruption movement), protection of teachers, land reform and other reform acts. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Land Reform-49 million acres were distributed during his term. 1 in 3 Mexicans would receive land. Major assault on wealthy land owning elite. Ejidos-cooperative farms between communal groups. In economic terms, it was not hugely successful however politically (socially) it was huge.
2. Nationalization of Oil-Northern elite were concerned about the penetration of foreign capital. This became a key platform for them. 1938 the Petroleum Industry was nationalized. Foreign companies were bought out and PEMEX was created. Oil workers strike over a wage dispute and the case makes its way to the Supreme Court. They decide in favor of the workers and against the foreign companies. After nationalization companies began to refuse accepting Mexican oil (refining or shipping). Oil companies try to appeal to FDR to put pressure on the Mexican government but he does not go along with this (“Good-Neighbor Policy”) due to impending world war and no legal basis. This policy was immensely popular among the people and creates a legitimacy for revolutionary ideals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elected as a conservative figure due to the feeling that it was a “wartime” necessity. Urban labor force has grown exponentially especially by the 1950s however wages are very low. Many people saw these changes as the “death of the revolution”. Industrialist, financialists, and the middle classes have done particularly well. |
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Term
| General Characteristics of US/Latin Relations |
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Definition
1. U.S. is looking to promote strategic and economic interests in the region, viewed Latin America as an economic appendage to the U.S.
2. “Civilizing Mission”-French term referring to the desire to bring reform and improvements to “lesser” countries. Not selfish, instead brought benefits.
3. U.S. policy has not been primarily military (tries to work through institutions and cooperation with Latin neighbors) |
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Term
| 19th Century U.S/Latin Relations |
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Definition
1. U.S. does not play a vital role in independence movements
2. After however, commercial relations are established
3. Monroe Doctrine-European powers should stay out of the Americas
4. Gunboat diplomacy
5. Competition with the British over building of the Panama Canal
6. 1850 Clayton-Bulmer Treaty: Britain and America agree to cooperate on canal
7. Late 19th century the U.S. is becoming a major industrial power and had an increased interest in finding valuable foreign markets.
8. In terms of the British, they give up playing a role in Latin America. (Venezuelan conflict) Venezuela calls on the U.S. to help and they do.
9. In 1901, a treaty is established and Britain withdraws its navy and recognizes the U.S. as the dominant power in the region |
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Term
| 20th Century U.S/Latin Relations |
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Definition
1. 1898 Spanish/American War
2. First few decades were characterized by small scale interventions
3. Roosevelt Corollary-U.S. has the right to intervene in an attempt to maintain order
4. Panama Canal-Panama was part of Colombia however the U.S. supported an independence movement in order to make way for their plans for the canal. Panama gives up sovereign rights to the Canal Zone.
5. Good Neighbor Policy- Pushback against American interventions becomes counter productive so a plan is introduced and formalized by FDR where the U.S. would respect Latin American countries more. The U.S. will continue to intervene however.
6. Investments in trade increase dramatically over time.
7. By the 1930s the U.S. is keeping a close eye on German communities |
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Term
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Definition
| Foreign companies would established “enclaves” in countries where there was very little linkage between them and the local economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Instituted reforms like public works projects and the end of debt peonage. Ubico sought to gain U.S. favor (inviting the military to establish a school and wanted to put FDR on national stamps). His sympathies toward fascist regimes would strain relations between him and the U.S. Ubico was unequivocally against dissenters. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Public Works allow for skilled workers and intellectuals to enter the workplace, where they become impatient with Ubico as he did not try to accommodate this growing group.
2. The demands of the urban middle class out-paced Ubico’s beliefs.
3. University students were among the most politically organized group, addressing personal university problems and larger, societal problems.
4. Junior Officers also constituted a threat to Ubico and in 1934 they revolt and throw him out of power |
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Term
| (1944-1954) Arevalo and Arbenz |
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Definition
1. Focused on reducing foreign control
2. Helping indigenous people (ladinos-assimilated into culture) Politically, an easy group to mobilize.
3. Social Reform-expropriation of lands owned by United Fruit |
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Term
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Definition
| Agreement between Augustin Iturbide and Vincente Guerrero outlining independence plans. For example, the Catholic Church would remain and Mexico would be a monarchy. King Ferdinand of Spain would be a dual-monarch. |
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