Term
| What are the three basic components of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
1) Heart
2) Blood vessels
3) Blood |
|
|
Term
| The ___________ serves as pump that establishes the pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ ___________ are passageways through which blood is distributed from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ is a transport medium within which materials being transported are dissolved or suspended. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the heart? |
|
Definition
| 1) Serves as a pump that establishes the pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| 1) Serve as passageways through which blood is distributed from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the blood? |
|
Definition
| 1) Serves as a transport medium within which materials being transported are dissolved or suspended. |
|
|
Term
| The two __________ receive blood into the heart; the two __________ send blood from the heart to the rest of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ has a thicker myocardium due to hypertrophy resulting from the force with which it must contract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: The right ventricle has a thicker myocardium |
|
Definition
| 1) False: The LEFT ventricle has a thicker myocardium |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ has its own conduction system through which it initiates its own pulse without neural control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about cardiac tissue? |
|
Definition
| 1) Has its own conduction system through which it initiates its own pulse without neural control |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ consists of a closed loop of vessels carrying blood between the heart and lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
| 1) A closed loop of vessels carrying blood between the heart and lungs. |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ consists of a circuit of vessels carrying blood between the heart and other body systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is systemic circulation? |
|
Definition
| 1) A circuit of vessels carrying blood between the heart and other body systems |
|
|
Term
| In thew volume distribution of blood, what part of the cardiovascular system contains the most blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the cardiovascular system has the greatest distribution of vascular resistance? Which is second? |
|
Definition
1) Small arteries and arterioles
2) Capillaries |
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ system supplies function while a __________ __________ system has a reservoir function. |
|
Definition
1) High-pressure
2) Low-pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a high-pressure system? A low-pressure system? |
|
Definition
1) Supplies function
2) Serves as a reservoir |
|
|
Term
| __________ carry blood away from ventricles to the tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Carry blood away from the ventricles to the tissues |
|
|
Term
| __________ are vessels that return blood from the tissues to the atria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Are vessels that return blood from tissues to the atria |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is a continuous muscular partition that prevents mixture of the blood from the two sides of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Continuous muscular partition that prevents mixture of blood from the two sides of heart |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is a hollow muscular organ about the size of the fist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart is positioned in the middle of the __________ __________, between the two bony structures called the sternum and vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart is positioned in the thoracic cavity between what two bony structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart has a __________ at the top and tapers to a pointed tip, and an __________ at the bottom. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The position of the heart makes it physically possible to manually drive blood from the heart when it is not functioning effectively (__________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart is a __________ __________ where the right and left sides of the heart function as two separate pumps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ compose the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood returning to the heart and transfer it to the lower chambers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ compose the lower chambers of the heart which pump blood from the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart wall consists of what three distinct layers? |
|
Definition
1) Endocardium
2) Myocardium
3) Epicardium |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is the thin inner tissue of the heart which consists of epithelial tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the heart is the endocardium? What tissue is it composed of? |
|
Definition
1) The third layer
2) Epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ lines the entire circulatory system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is the middle layer of the heart that is composed of cardiac muscle and constitutes the bulk of the heart wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the heart is the myocardium? What muscle is it composed of? |
|
Definition
1) The second layer
2) Cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
| 1) The myocardium (second layer) |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the heart constitutes the bulk of heart wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ is the thin external layer which covers the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the heart is the epicardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the heart is the thin external layer which covers the heart? |
|
Definition
| 1) The epicardium (first layer) |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is the sac around the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sac that surrounds the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the pericardial sac? |
|
Definition
1) Tough, fibrous covering
2) Secretory lining |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ provides lubrication to prevent friction between pericardial layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the pericardial fluid? |
|
Definition
| 1) Provides lubrication to prevent friction between the pericardial layers |
|
|
Term
| __________ is inflammation of the pericardial sac |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Inflammation of the pericardial sac |
|
|
Term
| What are the 12 causes of pericarditis? |
|
Definition
1) Infections
2) Cancer (including leukemia)
3) Disorders in which the immune system attacks healthy body tissue by mistake
4) HIV infection and AIDS
5) Underactive thyroid gland
6) Kidney failure
7) Rheumatic fever
8) Tuberculosis (TB)
9) Heart surgery or trauma to the chest, esophagus, or heart
10) Certain medications
11) Swelling or inflammation of the heart muscle
12) Radiation therapy to the chest |
|
|
Term
| What medications can cause pericarditis? |
|
Definition
1) Procainamide
2) Hydralazine
3) Phenytoin
4) Isoniazid |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ are veins returning blood to the right atrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ __________ pumps are veins returning blood to the right atrium.
Oxygen has been extracted from this blood and carbon dioxide is added to it.
The blood is pumped from the __________ __________ through the __________ __________ to the lungs.
The lungs add __________ to this blood received from the __________ side of the heart; carbon dioxide is then removed.
This blood flows through the __________ __________ to the __________ __________ of the heart.
This oxygen rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the __________, a large artery. |
|
Definition
1) Venae cavae
2) Right ventricle
3) Pulmonary arteries
4) Oxygen
5) Right
6) Pulmonary veins
7) Left atrium |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of the venae cavae? |
|
Definition
| 1) Return blood to the right atrium; blood is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ returns blood from the head and upper limbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ return blood from the right lung to the pulmonary semilunar valve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ return blood from the left lung. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The right and left __________ __________ are positioned between the atrium and ventricles on the right and left sides. |
|
Definition
| 1) Atrioventricular valves (AV) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the AV valves positioned? |
|
Definition
| 1) Between the atrium and ventricle on the right and left sides |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular emptying. |
|
Definition
| 1) Atrioventricular valves |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of the AV valves? |
|
Definition
| 1) Prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular emptying |
|
|
Term
| The right AV valve is also called the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tricuspid valve also known by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left AV valve is also called the __________ or __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Bicuspid
2) Mitral valve |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a fibrous cord which prevents valves from being reverted; it is composed of __________ muscles. |
|
Definition
1) Chordae tendinae
2) Papillary |
|
|
Term
| What is the chordae tendinae? |
|
Definition
| 1) Fibrous chords which prevent the valves from being reverted; they are composed of papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
| Where are the semilunar valves located? |
|
Definition
| 1) At the junction where major arteries leave the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ prevent the arteries and ventricles from everting due to their anatomic structure and positioning of cusps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are no valves between the __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are no valves between the atria and veins; why is this? |
|
Definition
1) Atrial pressures usually are not much higher than venous pressures
2) Sites where vena cava enter atria are partially compressed during atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Atrial pressures are usually much higher then venous pressures. |
|
Definition
| 1) False: Atrial pressures usually ARE NOT much higher than venous pressures |
|
|
Term
| The sites where the vena cava enter the atria are partially compressed during __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The valves of the AV valves fill with blood during __________ __________ to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first heart sound is produced by the closing of the __________ __________; the second is produced by the closing of the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) AV valves
2) Semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| What is the first heart sound produced by? The second? |
|
Definition
1) Closing of the AV valves
2) Closing of the semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| __________ are extra heart sounds that are produced as a result of turbulent blood flow which is sufficient to produce audible noise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Extra heart sounds that are produced as a result of turbulent blood flow which is sufficient to produce audible noise. |
|
|
Term
| What are four example of anatomic sources of heart murmur? |
|
Definition
1) Stenosis of bicuspid aortic valve
2) Stenosis of tricuspid aortic valve
3) Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
4) Ventral septal defect |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of the stenosis of bicuspid aortic valve tend to be present between __________-__________ years of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of the stensosis of tricuspid aortic valve tend to be present after __________ years of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis are a harsh __________ mid-systole, often followed by __________, brisk bifid carotid upstroke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Brisk bifid carotid upstroke |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of the ventral septal defect are __________ heard best at the lower left __________ border. |
|
Definition
1) Holosystolic
2) Sternal |
|
|
Term
| __________ is when bicuspid valves become thick and narrowed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular or organ structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) An abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular or organ structure |
|
|
Term
| Stenosis of the __________ type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This __________ can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ cells have are intrinsically rhythmic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure within the heart has the highest intrinsic rhythmicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name six characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? |
|
Definition
1) Intrinsic rhythmically
2) Highly conductive
3) Propogate electrical activity
4) One or two centrally located nuclei
5) Increased mitochondrial mass (40% volume in myocardium compared to 2-6% in skeletal muscle)
6) Cells are involuntary |
|
|
Term
| __________ are anchoring structures containing gap junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are intercalated discs? |
|
Definition
| 1) Anchoring structures containing gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ cells are faintly striated, branching, mononucleated cells which connect by means of intercalated disks to form a functional network. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Cardiac muscle cells are faintly striated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potentials travels through all cells in the cardiac muscle forming a functional __________ in which cells function as a unit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the site of Ca2+ regulation in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| 1) In troponin in thin filaments. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the site of Ca2+ regulation in cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
| 1) In troponin in thin filaments |
|
|
Term
| Where is the mechanism of Ca2+ action in skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) Physically repositions troponin-tropomyosin complex to uncover actin cross-bridge binding sites |
|
|
Term
| Where is the mechanism of Ca2+ action in cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) Physically repositions troponin-tropomyosin complex |
|
|
Term
| Is there a presence of gap junctions in skeletal muscles? In cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ATP directly used by the contractile apparatus in skeletal muscles? In cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the myosin ATPase activity speed of contraction in skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) Fast or slow depending on type of fiber |
|
|
Term
| What is the myosin ATPase activity speed of contraction in cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the means by which gradation is accomplished in skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) Varying number of motor units contacting and frequency at which they are stimulated |
|
|
Term
| What is the means by which gradation is accomplished in cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) Varies in length of fiber (depending on extent of filling of the heart chambers) and varying cystolic Ca2_ concentration through autonomic, hormonal, and local metabolite influence. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a presence of tone in absence of external stimulation in skeletal muscles? In cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a clear-cut length-tension relationship in skeletal muscles? In cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ are interconnected by intercalated discs and form functional syncytia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of membrane junctions within intercalated discs? Which are mechanical? Which are electric? |
|
Definition
1) Desmosomes and gap juncitons
2) Desmosomes
3) Gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| __________ means a meshwork of muscle cells interconnected by contiguous cytoplasmic bridges. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a syncytium? What is it interconencted by? |
|
Definition
1) A meshwork of interconnected muscle cells
2) Cytoplasmic bridges |
|
|
Term
| What are the five elements of the conduction system? |
|
Definition
1) SA node
2) AV node
3) AV bundle
4) Bundle of His
5) Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| Muscle is supplied with oxygen and nutrients by blood delivered to it by __________ __________ not from blood within heart chambers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is muscle supplied with oxygen and nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart receives most of its own blood supply that occurs during __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the heart receive most of its own blood supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ occurs during systole when the coronary vessels are compressed by contracting on heart muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Systolic blood flow normally varies to keep pace with cardiac oxygen needs. |
|
Definition
| False: CORONARY blood flow normally varies to keep pace with cardiac oxygen needs |
|
|
Term
Coronary arteries leave the __________ behind the semilunar valves. This means that they fill during __________ __________. The __________ __________ __________ branches to smaller arteries including the marginal, which leads down the margin or edge of the right ventricle. The main portion of the right coronary artery proceeds to the back of the heart becoming the __________ __________.
The left coronary artery divides to form the __________ which curves back to the heart, and the __________ __________-__________ which descends between the two ventricles.
The arteries __________ to provide collateral circulation to the ventricular myocardium. |
|
Definition
1) Aorta
2) Ventricular diastole
3) Right coronary artery
4) Posterior inerventricular
5) Circumflex
6) Anterior inter-ventricular
7) Anastomose |
|
|
Term
| The __________ leads down the margin or edge of the right ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Leads down the margin or end of the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| The __________ curves to the back of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Structure which curves to the back of the heart |
|
|
Term
| Coronary veins drain the myocardium from the anterior interventricular area through the __________ __________ __________ from the right atrial area through the __________ __________ __________ and from the posterior interventricular area throuh the __________ __________ __________. All of these come together to form the __________ __________ which drains directly into the right atrium, the only systemic venous drainage not through the vena cava. |
|
Definition
1) Great cardiac vein
2) Small cardiac vein
3) Middle cardiac vein
4) Coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are damage of the heart muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cardiac myopathies? |
|
Definition
| 1) Damage of the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of cardiac myopathies? |
|
Definition
1) Myocardial ischemia
2) Necrosis
3) Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ occurs when there is an inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to heart tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is myocardial ischemia? |
|
Definition
| 1) When there is inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
| __________ is death of heart muscle cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Death of heart muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ occurs when blood vessels supplying an area of the heart become blocked or rupure. |
|
Definition
| 1) Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
|
|
Term
| What is an acute myocardial infarction? |
|
Definition
| 1) When a blood vessel supplying an area of the heart become blocked or rupture |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ are pathological changes within the coronary artery walls that diminish blood flow through the vessels. |
|
Definition
| 1) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
|
|
Term
| What is coronary artery disease (CAD)? |
|
Definition
| 1) Pathological changes within coronary artery walls that diminish blood flow through the vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of death in the US? |
|
Definition
| 1) Coronary artery disease |
|
|
Term
| What are two conditions that can be caused by coronary artery disease? |
|
Definition
1) Myocardial ischemia
2) Myocardial infarction |
|
|
Term
| What are the three mechanisms responsible for causing coronary artery disease? |
|
Definition
1) Profound vascular spasm of coronary arteries
2) Formation of atherosclerotic plauqes
3) Thromboemolism |
|
|
Term
| __________ is another word for heart attack. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When your coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked, oxygen-rich blood can't reach your heart muscle.
This can cause __________ or a heart attack. Over time, coronary artery disease can wean the heart muscle leading to __________ __________ and __________.
Heart failure is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough blood throughout your body.
Arrhythmias are problems with the speed or rhythm of your heartbeat. |
|
Definition
1) Angina
2) Heart failure
2) Arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a condition that occurs in which your heart can't pump enough blood throughout your body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) A condition where your heart cannot pump enough blood throughout your entire body |
|
|
Term
| __________ are problems concerning the speed or rhythm of your heartbeat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Problem with the speed or rhythm of a heartbeat |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ is a condition similar to coronary artery disease in which blockages restrict blood circulation mainly in the arteries leading to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet. |
|
Definition
| 1) Peipheral arterial disease (PAD) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in peripheral arterial disease? |
|
Definition
| 1) Blockages restrict blood circulation, mainly in the arteries leading to the kidneys, stomach, arms, and legs. |
|
|
Term
| What are six techniques that can be used to diagnose peripheral artery disease? |
|
Definition
1) Medical history
2) Physical exam
3) Ultrasound
4) X-ray
5) Angiography
6) Magentic resonance imaging angiography (MRA) |
|
|
Term
| What are two methods for treating coronary artery disease? |
|
Definition
1) Percutaneous interventions
2) Bypass surgery |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a type of arteriosclerosis that results in the thickening and toughening of arterial walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Type of arteriosclerosis which results in the thickening and toughening of arterial walls |
|
|
Term
| What are four possible outcomes of acute myocardial infarction? |
|
Definition
1) Immediate death
2) Delayed death from complications
3) Full functional recovery
4) Recovery with impaired function |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ consists of small, modified, muscle cells which generate the electrical signal that controls the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structure of the heart was discovered in 1706 by whom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first heart specialists emerged after what war? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The heart beats about __________ times each day and about __________ million times in a year.
In a 70-year lifetime, the heart beats more than __________ billion times. |
|
Definition
1) 100,000
2) 35 million
3) 2.5 |
|
|
Term
| The pacemaker of the heart is the __________ __________; it establishes the heart rate and coordinates the heart's excitability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Functions as the heart's pacemaker by establishing the heart rate and coordinating the heart's excitability |
|
|
Term
| What two body systems can alter heart rate and contraction strength? |
|
Definition
1) The ANS
2) The Endocrine System |
|
|
Term
| The __________ records the heart's electrical function and can be used to diagnose cardiac disorders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the ECG? |
|
Definition
| 1) Records the heart's electrical function and can be used to diagnose cardiac disorders. |
|
|
Term
| The heart beats rhythmically as a result of __________ __________ it generates by itself (__________). |
|
Definition
1) Action potentials
2) Autorhythmicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the two specialized types of cardiac muscle cells? |
|
Definition
1) Contractile cells
2) Autorhythmic cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of cardiac muscle cells compose 99% of all cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cardiac muscle cells do the mechanical work of pumping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cardiac muscle cells normally do not initiate their own action potentials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cardiac muscle cells do not contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cardiac muscle cells are specialized for initiating and conducting action potentials responsible for contraction of working cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ is a specialized region in the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the sinoatrial node found? |
|
Definition
| 1) In a specialized region in the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What are the four locations of noncontractile cells capable of autorhymicity? |
|
Definition
1) Sinoatrial node (SA node)
2) Atrioventricular node (AV node)
3) Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)
4) Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| The __________ v is a small bundle of specialized cardiac cells located at the base of the right atrium near the septum. |
|
Definition
| 1) Atrioventricular node (AV node) |
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Term
| What is the function of the AV node? Where is it found? |
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Definition
1) The AV node is a small bundle of specialized cardiac cells
2) Found between the base of the right atrium near the septum |
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ divides to form right and left bundle branches which travel down the septum, curve around the tip of the ventricular chambers, and travel back toward atria along outer walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the cells for the Bundle of His originate? |
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Definition
| 1) At the AV node and enter interventricular septum |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Bundle of His? |
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Definition
| 1) Divides to form right and left bundle branches which travel down the septum, curve around the tip of the ventricular chambers, and travel back toward the atria along the outer walls. |
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Term
| The __________ __________ are small terminal fibers that extend from the Bundle of His and spread throughout ventricular myocardium. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are purkinje fibers? |
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Definition
| 1) Small, terminal fibers that extend from the bundle of His and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium |
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Term
| __________ (percentage) of cardiac cells are autorhythmic. |
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Definition
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Term
| The signal to contract is __________ in cardiac cells which are autorhythmic |
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Definition
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Term
| Abundant mitochondria extract about 80% of __________ within the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
Cardiac impulses originated at the __________ __________.
__________ __________ then spread throughout the right and left atria.
Impulses pass from the atria into the ventricles through the __________ __________ (only point of electrical contact between chambers)
Action potential briefly delayed at the __________ __________ (ensures atrial contraction precedes ventricular contraction to allow complete ventricular filling).
Impulse travels rapidly down interventricular septum by means of __________ __________ __________.
Impulse rapidly disperses throughout myocardium by means of __________ __________.
Rest of ventricular cells are activated by cell-to-cell spread of impulse through __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) SA Node
2) Action potentials
3) Atrioventricular node (AV node)
4) Atrioventricular node (AV node)
5) Bundle of His
6) Purkinje fibers
7) Gap junctions |
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Term
| What is the only point of electrical contact between the atria and ventricles? |
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Definition
| 1) The atrioventricular node (AV node) |
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Term
| Why is there a brief delay of action potentials at the AV node? |
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Definition
| 1) Ensures atrial contraction precedes ventricular contraction to allow complete ventricular filling |
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Term
| What is another name for pacemaker cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Myocardial autorhythmic cells |
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Term
| The membrane potential of heart is __________ mV |
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Definition
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Term
| Spontaneous action potential generation occurs as gradual __________ reaches threshold. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ is the unstable resting membrane potential of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unique membrane channels of the heart are permeable to both __________ and __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pacemaker potential? |
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Definition
| 1) The unstable resting membrane potential of the heart |
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Term
What is the resting potential for pacemaker fibers?
What is the threshold?
Where does some Ca2+ begin to leak in?
Where does some Na+ begin to leak in?
Where is there a high Ca2+ influx?
Where is there a K+ efflux?
Where is there a Na+ influx? |
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Definition
1) -60mV
2) -40mC
3) -40mV
4) -50mV
5) -20mV
6) -20mV
7) -50mV |
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Term
| If channels allow Na+ and K+ through at __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the membrane potential there is an __________ influx > __________ efflux. |
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Definition
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Term
The first half of the pacemaker potential is the result of simultaneous opening of unique funny channels, which permit inward __________ current and closure of __________ channels which reduce outward __________ current.
The second half of the pacemaker potential is the result of opening the __________-__________ Ca2+ channels. Once threshold is reached, the rising phase of the action potential is the result of opening of __________-__________ Ca2+ channels whereas the falling phase is the result of the opening of __________ channels. |
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Definition
1) Na+
2) K+
3) K+
4) T-type
5) L-type
6) K+ |
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Term
| Pacemaker potential begins at __________ and slowly drifts to threshold. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ contract as a single unit followed after brief delay by a synchronized ventricular contraction. |
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Definition
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Term
Action potentials of __________ __________ cells exhibit prolonged positive phase accompanied by prolonged period of __________.
This ensures adequate __________ time and the plateau is primarily due to activation of slow L-type __________ channels. |
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Definition
1) Contracile cells
2) Contraction
3) Ejection
4) Ca2+ |
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Term
| The __________ represents the summed electrical activity of all cells recorded from the surface of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an electrocardiogram? |
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Definition
| 1) Represents the summed electrical activity of all cells recorded from the surface of the body |
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ is recorded from a single cell using an intracellular electrode. |
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Definition
| 1) Ventricular action potential |
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Term
| What membrane channels open / close with each phase? |
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Definition
1) Phase 0: Na+ channels open
2) Phase 1: Na+ channels close
3) Phase 2: Ca2+ channels open; fast K+ channels close
4) Phase 3: Ca2+ channels close; slow K+ channels open
5) Phase 4: Resting potential |
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Term
| During Phase 0: Depolarization due to voltage-gated __________ channels occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| During Phase 1: Partial repolarization occurs as __________ channels close and voltage-gated __________ channels open. |
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Definition
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Term
| During Phase 2: There is a plateau in which __________ permeability decreases and __________ permeability increases. |
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Definition
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Term
| During Phase 3: Repolarization takes place causing __________ permeability to rise and __________ permeability to fall. |
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Definition
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Term
| Phase 4: Stable resting potential occurs at __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the waves of an EKG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the segments of an EKG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the intervals of an EKG? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ events lag slightly behind __________ events. |
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Definition
1) Mechanical
2) Electrical |
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Term
| SA node firing rates set __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ of the heart begins with an action potential that develops in and propagates from the SA node. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are required for depolarization to spread from the SA to the AV node, but an additional __________ elapse before both atria are fully depolarized. |
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Definition
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Term
| Depolarization is delayed in the AV node and arrives at the bundle branches __________ after it reaches the AV node. |
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Definition
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Term
| The electrical of the AV node allows the __________ to fully depolarize and contract before ventricular depolarization begins; this delay is reflected in the __________-__________ segment of the ECG. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ is a period of time where a new action potential cannot be initiated. |
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Definition
| 1) Effective refractory period (ERP) |
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Term
| What is another name for the effective refractory period? |
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Definition
| 1) The absolute refractory period (ARP) |
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Term
| What is the effective refractory period (ERP) |
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Definition
| 1) The period of time that a new action potential cannot be initiated |
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Term
How many action potentials are initiated per minute for the SA node?
The AV node?
The Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during the P wave EKG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during the PQ or PR segment of the EKG? |
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Definition
1) Conduction through the AV node and AV bundle
2) Atria contract |
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Term
| What occurs during the ST segment of the EKG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during the T wave of an EKG? |
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Definition
| 1) Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
| What occurs during the QRS wave of an EKG? |
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Definition
| 1) Ventricular depolarization |
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Term
| What occurs during the QT wave of an EKG? |
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Definition
| 1) Ventricular depolarization and repolarization |
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Term
| __________ __________ represents the last remnants of ventricular repolarization. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which inverted wave indicates underlying pathology or conditions affecting repolarization? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the father of electrocardiography? The promoter of its clinical application? |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is a record of overall speed of electrical activity through the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| What three concepts does the ECG represent? |
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Definition
1) Recording part of electrical activity induced in body fluids by cardiac impulse that reaches the body surface
2) Recording of overall spread of activity throughout the heart during depolarization and repolarization
3) Comparisons in voltage detected by electrodes at two different points on the body surface not the actual potential |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Subtle changes in the shape or duration of various waves or segments |
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Term
| What are three changes in the heart an ECG can detect? |
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Definition
1) Change in conduction velocity
2) Enlargement of heart
3) Tissue damage due to ischemia |
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Term
The sinus tachycardia rate is greater than __________.
The sinus bradicardia rate is less than __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ __________ is the normal increase in heart rate that occurs during inspiration (when you breathe in). This is a natural response and is more accentuated in __________ than __________. |
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Definition
1) Sinus arrhythmia
2) Children
3) Adults |
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Term
| What is a sinus arrhythmia? |
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Definition
| 1) A normal increase in heart rate that occurs during inspiration |
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Term
| Contraction in cardiac muscle occurs by same sliding __________ activity as in skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps for excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
1) Action potential enters from adjacent cell
2) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open. Ca2+ enters the cell
3) Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptor-channels (RyR)
4) Local release causes Ca2+ spark
5) Summed Ca2+ sparks create a Ca2+ signal
6) Ca2+ ions bind to troponin to initiate contraction
7) Relaxation occurs when Ca2+ unbinds from troponin
8) Ca2+ is pumped back into the sacroplasmic reticulum for storage
9) Ca2+ is exchanged with Na+ by the NCX antiporter
10) Na+ the gradient is maintained by the Na+-K+ ATPase |
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Term
| Ca2+ entry through __________-__________ channels in T-tubules trigger larger release of Ca2+ from __________ __________ |
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Definition
1) L-type
2) Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| What is the pathway in an action potential in a cardiac contractile cell to contraction? |
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Definition
1) Action potential in cardiac contractile cell
2) Travels down T-tubules
3) Entry of small amount of Ca2+ from ECF through L-type Ca2+ channels
4) Release of large amount of Ca2+ from sacroplasmic reticulum through ryanodine Ca2+ release channels
5) Cystolic Ca2+ concentration increases
6) Troponin-tropomyosin complex in the filaments pulled aside
7) Cross-bridge cycling between thick and thin filaments
8) Thin filaments slide inward between thick filaments
9) Contraction |
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Term
| Because long refractory periods occur in conjunction with prolonged plateau phase, __________ and __________ of cardiac muscle is impossible. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the regularity of spacing of ECG waves. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is a variation from normal rhythm and sequence of excitation of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Class I of arrhythmic drugs? |
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Definition
| 1) Sodium channel blockers: quinidine and analogs; lidocaine and analogs; encainide, flecainide |
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Term
| What are Class II arrhythmic drugs? |
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Definition
| 1) Beta-blocking agents (cAMP inhibitors); proanol and other B-blockers |
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Term
| What are Class III arrhythmic drugs? |
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Definition
| 1) Potassium (efflux) channel blockers: Amiodarone |
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Term
| What are Class IV arrhythmic drugs? |
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Definition
| 1) Calcium channel blockers and AV node: verapamil and diltiazem |
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Term
| What are Class V arrhythmic drugs? |
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Definition
| 1) Agents work by other or unknown mechanisms |
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Term
| __________ __________ goes from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ goes from the left side of the heart to the tissues and back to the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood flows down a pressure gradient from the highest pressure in the __________ and arteries to the lowest pressure in the __________ __________ and pulmonary veins. |
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Definition
1) Aorta
2) Pulmonary veins |
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Term
| In a system in which fluid is flowing, _________ decreases over distance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pressure created when the ventricles contract is called the __________ __________ for blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
__________ of a fluid flowing through a tube increases as the length of the tube and the viscosity (thickness) of the fluid increase, and as the radius of the tube decreases.
Of these three factors, __________ has the greatest effect on resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| If resistance increases, __________ __________ decreases and vice-versa. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid flow through a tube is proportional to the __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the volume of blood that passes one point in the system per unit time. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the distance a volume of blood travels in a given period of time. At a constant flow rate, the velocity of flow through a small tube is faster than the velocity through a larger tube. |
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Definition
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Term
End-diastolic volume and __________ are determined by __________ __________.
Venous return is affected by skeletal muscle contractions, the respiratory pump, and constriction of veins by sympathetic activity. |
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Definition
1) Preload
2) Venous return |
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Term
| __________ of the heart is enhanced by catecholamines and certain drugs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemicals that alter contractility are said to have an __________ effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the load placed on the ventricle as it contracts; it reflects the preload and the effort required to push the blood out into the arterial system. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ is a clinical indicator of afterload. |
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Definition
| 1) Mean arterial pressure |
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Term
| __________ __________ is the percent of EDV ejected with one contraction, is one measure for evaluating ventricular function. |
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Definition
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