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Definition
-Worker (class based) Affirmative action program.
-Campaign to train and promote workers, by sending them to Universities, to replace the old Russian Intelligentsia
-How Breshnev and his generation of "Old Guard" came into being |
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Term
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Definition
-Revolution of 1905
-Tsar Nicholas II
-Cause: Defeat in Russo-Japanese war
-Bloody Sunday Massacre: showed mobilization and radication of the population.
-Revolt not nationally coordinated, but showed wide unrest because of economic burdens of war, dissatisfaction with government because of shocking loss of the war.
-Revolted as a result of wanting more political freedoms (creation of Duma and Stolypin reforms) |
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Term
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Definition
-Duma: Created in 1905 as a result of the 1905 revolution.
-Elected by the people, originally stated that all laws to be passed needed to be approved by the Duma, but the Tsar severely limited this right. Representatives were divided by class (nobility disproportionally elected the most). |
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Term
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Definition
-Made after 1905 revolution.
-Legal mechanism for peasants to leave commune and take part of the commune with them.
-Radical nature of peasants would serve to shape later revolutions of 1917 (peasants = wildly violent countryside revolts).
-Class of well-off small farmers would be formed from top of peasant class (Kulaks) |
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Term
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Definition
-Response to 1905 revolution and precursor to first constitution of Russia
-Limited reforms- created the Duma but limits its power as the Tsar shift the power emphasis to the upper class
-17 of October
-Granted civil liberties (assembly, association, press, religion, speech) but these are later limited as Tsar wants "order" before liberties
-Originally requires laws have to be approved by the Duma, but this changes. |
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Term
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Definition
-December 5th 1941-Feb 1942
-Japan decided not to invade Soviet, Russia transfered troops to Moscow then attacked the Germans.
-Crucial turning point in the war for Soviets
-Soviets won a legitimate victory- Russia was actually outnumbered
-Germans won't threaten Moscow again |
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Term
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Definition
-August 1942-January 1943
-Stalingrad connects Russia to Caspian Sea: if Germans capture Stalingrad, they cutoff all supplies to the government
-Germans stopped by a numerically inferior Soviet force
-62nd Army distracts German bulge in lines in city
-Soviets counterattack into German flanks: cutoff and destroy one of Germany's elite armies
-Another huge victory for soviets: demonstrate they are a legitimate fighting force
-Turning point of the war: Germany had no further victories in the East |
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Term
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Definition
-August 1941-1944
-Surrounded: mass famine in the city
-Zhukov brought to stop the attack
-Facilitated rhetoric of blockade heroism
-Stalin's government not blamed for siege, Nazi's were: increased hatred for Germans
-Shows dehumanization of war: cannibalism and thievery |
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Term
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Definition
-The Great Purge and beginning of mass operations (2 million rounded up, 700,000 shot)
-Begin show trials against party officials hated by peasants
-Collectivization failures encouraged questioning of Stalin's policies
-Terror flushs out opposition
-Incorporated entire population as informers on the local level: ratting out neighbors
-Targets = kulaks, criminals, former whites, all threats to Stalin
-Wanted to shake up party leadership too |
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Term
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Definition
-Trial of Nikolai Bukharin (1937)
-Epitome of show trials during Great Purge: important because it established the legitimacy of the government which was important for the hierarchy of lower level law enforcement
-Bukharin opposed the "squeezing of the peasantry" that collectivization required, but also recognized importance of building russian industry
-Allied with Stalin to defeat Trotsky
-Leader of Right Opposition
-Stalin turned on him during debate of NEP vs Collectivization/Five Year Plan |
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Term
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Definition
-Memorandum to Nicholas II (1914)
-Memorandum from Durnovo (Minister of the Interior) to Tsar Nicholas II
-Summarizes anti war sentiment: Russia = backwards economy, dependeny on foreign industry
-Also cites the important of having adequate railroads and mobilization
-War between England and Germany is inevitable
-Interests more in line w/Germany |
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Term
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Definition
-Part of Stalin's inner circle
-Foreign minister during WW2
-Oversaw Collectivization of Agriculture
-Deportation of Kulaks (Great Purge)
-Supported killings
-Those targeted by terror = enemies of the state
-Asserted we would have lost WW2 if we had kept these enemies within the government
-Alliance with Nazi's (Nazi-Soviet Pact) that was betrayed by operation Barbarossa (summer 1941)
-Called WW2 the "Great patriotic war for fatherland": rhetoric used to sell war to Soviets
-Part of anti-Kruschev minority
-Allied with Kaganovich: thrown out when Zhukov calls central committee together |
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Term
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Definition
-Constitutional Democratic Party
-Formed during revolution of 1905
-Mostly nobility, majority in Duma
-Against Tsarist regime
-Ran the Provisional Government in a system of dual power w/Socialist Revolutionaries |
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Term
| *Socialist Revolutionaries* |
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Definition
-Ran Provincial government in dual power system
-Shored up Provisional government (Alexander Kerensky)
-Major party pre 1917
-Roughly 1/3 of the seats in the Duma that they participated in (boycotted some)
-44% of the vote in 1917 November elections
-Destroyed almost entirely over the course of the Russian Civil War by Bolsheviks (they fought with Whites)
-Relied on peasants for support, believed peasants were the true revolutionary class
-Party split on two issues: Land distribution and WW1 participation |
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Term
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Definition
-More moderate socialist party than Bolsheviks
-Split from Social Democrats after Lenin vs Martov
-Shored up Provisional Government
-After Bourgeoisie revolution, needed to be capitalist for a while to build up the proletariat class/industry |
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Term
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Definition
-Economic policy proposed by Lenin (1921-1928)
-Replaced War Communism
-Allowed for some private businesses, while state remained in control of major industries and economic sectors
-Small scale trade, introduced cooperatives (partial ownership of farm/factory if you worked there)
-End of forced grain acquisition: set up tax for peasant farmers to pay
-Goal: appease peasants, but seen as a retreat from communist doctrines
-Trotsky and others call it a betrayal of communism |
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Term
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Definition
-Commissar of Defense during Civil War
-Re-organized Red Army for Bolsheviks (turned into disciplined fighting force)
-5 million person army by 1920
-Opposed Lenin and the NEP
-Leader of the left opposition after Lenin's death
-Opposed Stalin (wanted to make communist party more democratic)
-Stalin is stifling the revolution
-Left opposition defeated in 1927, killed by Stalin's agents years later
-Menshevik, joined Bolsheviks after 1917 October revolution |
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Term
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Definition
-Bukharin and Rykov
-Defeated in 1929
-Initially allied with Stalin against Trotsky and the Left Opposition
-Stalin betrayed them: booted them from positions
-Stalin wants to collectivize, Bukharin wants to stick with NEP for a bit longer |
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Term
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Definition
-1928-1932
-Stalin's plan to make the countries economy self-sufficient and build up the countries heavy industry
-Introduced collectivization
-Encouraged industrialization, but damaged agriculture to the point of mass famine
-Extremely high target goals for production (almost never met)
-Massive increase in production, but not high quality (tractors) |
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Term
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Definition
-1956: Kruschev's attempt to write the terror into party history
-Blames Stalin not only for the Great Terror, but for going against Marxist principles by creating the cult of personality
-Communist party admits it messed up
-International communists question whether the Soviets are the right people to carry on the October Legacy
-Placed Lenin on a pedestal: great, patient, tolerant leader
-Disagreed with extensive use of terror within the party |
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Term
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Definition
-Khruschev removed from power due to failures of his reforms and upsetting the party due to restructuring
-Went too far trying to shakeup party leadership
-Too many failed large scale products (tried to change entire Ukranian agriculture to corn)
-Cuban missile crisis (everyone but Kruschev against putting nukes in cuba, soviets didnt have the power for a head to head battle with USA)
-Brezhnev takes power
-Era of stagnation |
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Term
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Definition
-"Room for more voices"
-Late 1980's
-Less censorship and greater freedom of information
-Criticisms of party
-Goal was to reduce corruption and abuses of power within the party
-Done under Gorbachev |
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Term
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Definition
| -Part of Stalin's First Five Year Plan in 1928 -Government thinks that the peasants aren't selling their grain because they are hiding it: rich peasants can be squeezed harder -De-Kulakization -Peasants forced into collective farms (no land ownership) -Peasants rebel: Red Army sent in to catastrophic effect -Mass Famine: cannibalism becoming a real issue -Livestock shortage (50% decrease) -Millions deported, exiled, or sent to concentration camps |
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Term
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Definition
-Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939
-Non-aggression pact: USSR decides England/France not serious about military alliance
-Split Poland w/Germany
-Stalin hoped Hitler would look West and exhaust his forces
-Stalin didn't think Hitler was dumb enough to start a war on two fronts |
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Term
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Definition
-USA and Japan intervene in Eastern Siberia on the side of the Whites in 1918
-Their intervention turned the Bolsheviks into "Russian patriots fighting against foreign invaders"
-Government backed by western capitalists
-Allied intervention because they were worried about the threat of Bolshevism |
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Term
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Definition
-Government replaced the Tsarist regime following the February revolution in 1917
-Power-sharing: Kadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks
-Mensheviks joined after coalition formed with Petrograd Soviet
-Bolsheviks abstained from participating in government
-Government lost popular support because it continued the war |
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Term
| *Lena Goldfields Massacre* |
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Definition
-Shooting of striking gold miners in 1912
-Used for Soviet propaganda
-Provoked strikes and protests throughout Russia
-Since 1905, resentment of government was decreasing (until now) |
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Term
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Definition
-Lenin's description of the Post-February revolution situation
-Power-sharing/competing for legitimacy between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet
-Inherently unstable situations gives the Soviets the opportunity to seize power (according to Lenin) |
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Term
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Definition
-Bolsheviks effectively won the Civil War
-Mass famine caused by war communism (grain seizure from peasants) + drought = peasant revolts (Red army has to come in and crush- peasants armed w/machine guns and artillery)
-Massive strikes at Petrograd and Moscow due to cutting of wages and rations
-Peasants want free local trade and free elections to electoral committees
-Bolsheviks back away from War Communism, Lenin brings in NEP |
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Term
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Definition
-1986
-One of the worst nuclear power plant accidents in history
-Because of Glasnost it got alot more coverage and Soviet Union received alot more internal criticism than would have before
-Almost bankrupt the Soviet Union |
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