Term
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Definition
| EArlier in April, Confederacy surrendered. December 6, 1865. It abolished slavery and brought freedom to slaves in the Union border states as well as those areas already under federal occupation. Political concern over existance of freed slaves. Two states, blacks majority. 5 states at least 2/5 black. abolish slavery, repeal secession acts, and discharge their Confederate debt. Provisional governors put in place until states complied. Liberation did not result in empowerment. |
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| 1857- Blacks (slave or free) were not citizens and did not have civil rights protected by the US Constitution which South used. |
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Definition
| Used to limit the civil rights and liberties of former slaves to control the black population b/c they were not protected. Embodied pre-Civil War segregation. New vagrancy laws, prohibitions on possession of firearms, curfews, and limitations on the ownership of property. Breaking laws carried heavy fines. Convicted offenders who were unable to pay the fines had to work off their debts with white employers. |
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| Radical Republican Majority |
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Definition
| Republicans held overwhelming majority and 1866 began to define Reconstruction. Passed 14th amendment which would grant citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US" extended citizenship not just to former slaves in South but to free blacks in North who did not normally enjoy full benefits of citizenship. 1866 gave Republicans veto proof majority. First refused to recognize states readmitted to the Union under Johnson's plan. 2nd passed legislation creating Freedmen's Bureau in 1865 to provide aid and restoration to newly freed slaves. Passed Civil Rights Act of 1866, 70, 71, 75. Passed 14th amendment in June 1866 and sent to states for ratification and re-admittance. |
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Definition
| March 1870 ratified. Forbid the blocking of voting "on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude." gave voting rights to southern freedmen and northern blacks. |
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| Tilden-Hayes 1876 (compromise) |
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Definition
| 1876 presidential election ending Reconstruction. Samuel Tilden, Democrat, narrowly won popular vote over Republican Rutherford Hayes. The electoral votes in three southern states, FL LA and SC, were disputed sending election to Congress. 1877- bipartisan commission in Congress voted along party lines that Republican Hayes be awarded disputed votes in this comprimise. Hayes promised end to federal occupation in South and building of railroads and public works in the South. This resulted in whites regaining control of South and proceeded to eliminate black rule from every social activity and expungement of Reconstruction from the conscience of South |
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Term
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Definition
| Court provided justification for legalized segregation (1896). ruled that the equal protection clause of 14th amendment allowed states to provide "separate but equal facilities" for blacks, affirming the constitutionality of the doctrine. It legitimized racial segregation, not only in transportation but in every aspect of life, including education, voting, public accommodations, employment. 1883, declared Civl Rights Act 1875 unconstitutional holding that the 14th amendment did not protect blacks from discrimination by private individuals or businesses. |
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Definition
| 1895, most influential AA at time. His ideal demanded that social and political equality would have to be earned by blacks through participation and positive contributions in the southern economy. He accommodated white control and black subordination in exchange for their acquisition of the skills to become productive members of the labor force was the law of the land. ACCOMMODATION |
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Term
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Definition
| popular movie 1915 that laid ground for KKK acceptance. In movie, Klan saves South from the anarchy of black rule by reuniting former wartime enemies in defense of white supremecy. Klan was now suddenly more visible, welcomed in social assemblies, and growing with some two million members and numerous admirers outside the South. This along with doing good deeds for whites allowed whites to be accepting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commission report created by President Truman a civil rights commission that issued a report calling for the federal government to pursue civil rights legislation. Truman ran on civil rights plank asking for antilynching law, permanent fair employment practices commission, desegregation of the armed forces, and elimination of the poll tax. Signal to white Southerners that Democratic Party was prepared to leave them. This caused southern Democrats to break off and form the States' Rights Independent (Dixiecrat) Party led by Strom Thurmond. Truman barely won despite four southern states voting Dixiecrat. |
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Term
| Brown V. Board of Education |
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Definition
| Two earlier cases were decided based on Plessy separate but equal. 1954 this challenged separate but equal. Consolidated cases challenging constitutionality of school segregation. Ruling declaring that separate educational facilities for whites and blacks were inherentlly unequal. Desegregation was not immediate because the case did not address enforcement, but said should do it locally wherever possible. Many whites put kids in private schools. |
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Term
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Definition
| Document that condemned the Brown decision and called for resistance using states' rights argument for justification. Southern members in both Houses of Congress in 1956 denounced federal interference in state affairs and the usurpation of the authority of states. Called it an abuse of judicial power and the Constitution. 82 southern members of US Senate and House pledged to use all lawful means for reversal. Originated by Sen. Strom Thurmond (SC) and fueled by Sen. Harry Byrd of Virginia. Virginia resisted integration by closing down schools under order to desegregate. |
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Term
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Definition
| James J. Kilpatrick, editor of Richmond News, unearthed John c. Calhoun's "interposition" arguement to justify southern resistance to integration. Said US States have right to declare federal actions unconstitutional. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restored citizenship and political rights black Americans had lost. Barred discrimination in public accommodations that involved interstate commerce, such as theaters, hotels, and resteraunts. Forbade employers from discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, and gender. Granted the federal government authority to file lawsuits to desegregate public facilities and schools. Permitted the federal government to withhold federal funds from programs, such as education programs, which were administered in discriminatory ways. Extended and enhanced the power of the Civil Rights Commission, created in the 1957 act; to investigate civil rights violations and make recommendations to Congress; and Attempted to deal with the denial of the right to register to vote for most southern blacks through uniform standards, such as the completition of the sixth grade as proof of literacy. Represented progress, but enforcement had to be chosen by US Attorney General. The process was tedious and fraught with oppportunities for delay |
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Term
| Outcomes of Civil Rights Movement - Scher's 6 Key points |
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Definition
Causes of Civil Rights Movement
1) white elites who refused to recognize that the community had a "race problem" and declined to discuss racial issues with the black community at virtually any point
2) White elites who refused to recognize the legitimacy of black voices and concerns, or of the black community's chosen leaders
3)White extremists who could control the political agenda by polarizing attitudes and creating an "us against them" mentality, which prevented the rise of voices of moderation, compromise, and understanding
4)citie's inexperience, both tin the public and private sectors, in dealing with racial issues and especially confrontations, which often led to situations spiraling out of control
5) White uncertainty about how to respond to black demands, except to dig in and circle the wagons
6) Prodding and encouragement by state officials, including govenors, aimed at stregthening the resolve of local white citizens and officials not to give in to black demands. |
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Term
| Democratic Elitist Perspective |
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Definition
| Vast majority of writings, especially political science writings on CRM on Democratic Elitist Perspective. It views political activity as contending elites who may be influenced by mass public opinoin and behavior but who rise and maintain themselves above them. From this perspective, the question of the CRM becomes how governing elites come to recognize a wannabe group or movement, convey legitmacy, and offer a seat at the table. CRM becomes the process by which southern blacks sought admission to the elite democratic table through persistent and ever-stronger demonstrations. |
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Term
| Normative Democratic Theory |
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Definition
| Most of writings written on CRM from normative democratic theory, if only implicitly. They accept the idea that disenfranchising/discriminating against southern blacks was counter to values and goals of American democracy. Removing barriers against voting, giving access to public accommodations, and reducing other forms of discrimination are good in and of themselves, but also improve and stregthen American democracy |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial redistricting, formerly used to impede the election of African Americans, now used as affirmative action to facilitate their election. First occurred in 1990 b/c African Americans demonstrate in voting behavior a distinct preference to be represented by people from within their own group, as do whites. Is centered in the South. It has been successful in getting black congressmen in, but poli scientists focus on perverse effects such as bleaching of nearby districts which declines support for policy preferences of African Americans. Common to hear that districts continue to impede the electoral success of Democratic Party in the South. The districts were covered by VRA Sec 2 and 5. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting Rights Act. Section 2 amended in 1982, prohibits the dilution of African American voting strength through electoral arrangements, including district lines. Placed the burden of challenging what were viewed as dilutie districting arrangements on plaintiffs in federal courts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The coverage of which is geographically targeted primarily at the South, was viewed as precluding the implementation of districting arrangements that did the same. Blocked implementation of any districting plan in a covered jurisdiction unless the jurisdiction demonstrated to the Department of Justice or a three-judge federal court in DC so that there was no racially discriminatory purpose or effect in the design or the expected consequences of the new districts. |
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Term
| Perverse Partisan Effects Thesis |
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Definition
| The immediate effect was to get more black representatives into Congress (5 to 17). The perverse effects include packing blacks into districts which bleaches other districts. The perverse effect is advantageous to Republican candidates overall. The inc in Republican legislators is said to decline the legislative support for policy preferences of African Americans. Also these districts impede the electoral success of Democratic Party in South. Districts more contorted. Effects not as impactful as thought. Republican Party would have controlled the House by 1995 or latest 1997. Republican control of the House came two years earlier than without the racial changes in districts |
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Term
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Definition
| (1993) whites went to court. Held that such districts could constitute violations of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 5 to 4 decision held that if race was the "predominant factor" in the creation of a district, the district was considered a "racial gerrymander." Districts guilty had to be reviewed by a court for equal protection clause. Unclear meaning of words, but "strict in theory, fatal in fact." Under this precedent, seven districts were invalidated with revisions in 1996 and 1998. All incumbents in African and Anglo were reelected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Worked cotton fields. Kicked out of Selma university for organizing walk out, now Civil Rights lawyer. Friends with Cleophus Hobbs and met Bernard Lafayette. Him, Hobbs and Terry Shaw became young core of SNCC in Selma. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1963 Selma with Charles Bonner ran into Bernard Lafayette. Him, Bonner and Terry Shaw became young core of SNCC in Selma |
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Term
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Definition
| Member of Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) which provided shock troops for CRM- younger, tougher, less patient preferring action over theory or lawsuits. Tried to organize the divided, intimidated, powerless blacks of Alabama black belt. Told stories of nonviolence practice and registering voters which Bonner and Hobbs had never heard of before. |
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Term
| 1995 Bridge Crossing Jubilee |
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Definition
| 30th anniversary of Bloody Sunday (March 7, 1965). group march from Selma to Montgomery and police attacked at Edmund Pettus Bridge. 8 days later, Civil Rights speech by Lyndon Johnson which caused 1965 Civil Rights Act. Meeting of all Civil Rights leaders, discussed problems still in Selma and black communities. |
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Term
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Definition
| black 27 year old shot by state troopers Feb. 19, 1965 at Mack's cafe in nearby Marion trying to protect mother from police clubs who broke up Civil Rights demonstration. Died March 2n6 providing impetus for Selma-Montgomery march. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wife of Selma's first black state senator since Reconstruction, pessimistic Hank Sanders. She is Civil Rights dynamo and force behind the National Voting Rights Museum in Selma. Graduated from Harvard, went to AL despite low pay to make an impact. Said "When CRM ended, institutional building didn't begin." Many thought battle was over but many poor blacks, life has changed. Life for poor blacks worse with onset of drugs and crime. Blacks need to work with blacks to move forward. When Selma board vote to not renew Dr. Norwood Roussell's contract, blacks threatened to shut city down unless contract extended and 6 white board members fired. fight in Smitherman's office where four black protesters including her arrested. |
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Definition
| Grew up idolizing men of street but saw no future. June 1958 became first black lawyer since Reconstruction and one of five in AL. Largest black law firm in AL and represented municipal and school boards in Black Belt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mayor of Selma in 1980-90s and appointed in 1987. He began to dismantle a system of student placement that allowed a larger proportion of whites to take honor classes based on subjective teacher evaluations. Blacks charged that schools integrated but classes highly segregated. Before 1990, Selma had one of few integrated school systems in Black Belt, source of pride among whites and blacks, w/ many whites against private school. When board voted not to renew Roussell's contract, blacks threatened to shut the city down, unless contract extended and 6 white board members fired. Boycott and takeover of city; fight at Smitherman's office where four black protesters arrested including Rose Sanders. Fights at high and middle school led to shutdown. Whites ask for federal protection Alabama National Guard. Schools re-opened, Roussell not rehired, all whites left public for privte school. Tore city apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Educator from New Orleans and appointed in 1987. He began to dismantle a system of student placement that allowed a larger proportion of whites to take honor classes based on subjective teacher evaluations. Blacks charged that schools integrated but classes highly segregated. Before 1990, Selma had one of few integrated school systems in Black Belt, source of pride among whites and blacks, w/ many whites against private school. When board voted not to renew Roussell's contract, blacks threatened to shut the city down, unless contract extended and 6 white board members fired. Boycott and takeover of city; fight at Smitherman's office where four black protesters arrested including Rose Sanders. Fights at high and middle school led to shutdown. Whites ask for federal protection Alabama National Guard. Schools re-opened, Roussell not rehired, all whites left public for privte school. Tore city apart. |
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Term
| Lassiter's "The Silent Majority" |
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Definition
| Focused on suburbanite response to school desegregation. Concluded Nixon's racist Southern Strategy intially backfired b/c it turned off these business oriented New South suburbanites who recoiled at the prospect of any kind of racial conflict. Suburban secessation allowed for new forms of desegregation. Just like Shafter and Johnston, white southerners voted for Republican low taxes and limited government just like any other Republican fan: economic reasons. |
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Term
| Shafer and Johnson's "The End of Southern Exceptionalism" |
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Definition
| They put de-emphasis on race. Believed that voter choices can be measured with percision only through quantitative analysis of voting patterns, survey responses and other stat data. Concluded that for most southern whites, race had always been a distinctly secondary factor in their increasing support for conservative Republicanism in region. Also concluded that the engine of partisan change in the postwar South was first and foremost, economic development and an associated politics of social class. Economic interests key: Republican calls for tax cuts and reduced government. Southerners became Republican for the same reason as counterparts in rest of the country. |
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Term
| Lassiter and Crespino's "The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism" |
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Definition
| Reject notion of southern exceptionalism and argue that such binary framework has caused analytical confusion of modern America and southern history. Exaggerate role of race in rise of modern conservatism while obscuring the racial attitudes throughout the nation. This reinforced mythology of northern innocence and southern depravity. |
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Term
| Shafer's Acolyte Criticism |
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Definition
| Acolytes are people who blindly followed Key and Key's assumption that everything revolves around race. Need other variables to write over. |
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Term
| Shafer and Johnston's 2 Thesis |
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Definition
Concerning partisan change
1) If LEGAL DESEGREGATION is source of change and racial identity is driving force then it should appear among whites where blacks are most numerous
2) If economic development is source of change then it is a politics of a social class, then the new southern Republican Party should appear within new and rising white- collar populations. These are not counter arguments. |
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Term
| Table 8.1-8.10 (find trends) what are they measuring? what do they tell us? |
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Definition
REPUBLICAN PERCENTAGE AMONG WHITES 1-2
Table 8.1) M- Republican percentage among all whites for The House in contested districts by income terciles and decade. The shift for Republican white support: rich led way in 1960s while poor vote dropped off in 1960s as well. Middle class reached high level in 90s and lower class reached high level in 2000s.
8.2- M- Votes for presidency by income terciles and between Old and New Republican areas. 50s Old- old south with poor voting Republican and rich voting Democrat. New Rep. Areas- change/ reversal. 1960s- aligned in modern fashion. 1970s- both aligned same way
8.3 M- Republican percentage of two party vote for presidency among all whites by income terciles and decades. Partisan shift driven by rich, and by 2000- mature political system with class differences in vote not expanding.
8.4 M- Republican House and Presidency votes among whites in lowest income tercile. No reliable gain among poor from 1950s-1990s. Poor broke through in 2000s.
8.5 M- Republican presidential voting by black southerners. Black Republican support disappeared in 1960s. Up in 2004, down 2008
8.6 M- Republican House voting percentage among whites in areas with more or less than 20% Black (by decade). Gains of 1990s and 2000s came entirely from whites in districts with more blacks.
8.7 M- Same as above but with presidency. Republicans doing much better in presidency vote than House. 1950s whites in areas with more blacks were more Democratic, whites in areas with fewer blacks were more Republican. This relationship reversed in 1960s. Began to fade after 1980s.
8.8 M- Range of Republican vote among white southerners between less black and more black congressional districts (House and Presidency). Little difference between institutions (^) in the voting impact of social class in 1950s. Voting for Congress more stable, better register of partisan loyalties while president volatile so shows issues of the day. 1950s- republican vote for House candidates was 6% lower in districts with more blacks compared to districts with fewer blacks, while Republican vote for presidential candidates was 5% lower in districts with more blacks versus districts with fewer blacks. 1960s- white vote for Republican candidates for Congress was far lower in districts with more blacks compared to districts with fewer blacks (recall that all Republican gains were in areas with fewer blacks) while the white vote for Republican candidates for president was now higher in districts with more blacks, not districts with fewer blacks. Continued until 1990s when it zeroed out.
8.9 M- House Republican voting percentage among all whites by Religious Families (Low or evangelical protestant, high or mainstream protestant, catholic and other). Mainstream Protestants more attracted to Republican candidates for Congress than evangelical Protestants, who were classically "southern Democratic." 1970-80s the partisan difference vanished entirely due to evangelical Protestants supporting Republicans more. 90s and 2000s evangelical skyrockets and mainstream slows down.
8.10 M- Same as above with presidency. 1960s gap between evangelical and mainsteam bigger than Congress. But in 1960s, immediately closed gap while in 2000s mainstream is much lower in support than House |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a variety of aspects of the parties, their relationships to each other, and their relationships with the electorate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept of development of a party system is widely used in literature on comparative politics. Term appears far less frequently in the literature on contemporary american political parties, although the concept is used by those who discuss the historical emergence of parties in this country. It can be analyzed along three dimensions: Party competition, Party System Cleavages, and Party Organizational Strength |
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Term
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Definition
By offering competition (alternatives) parties provide mechanism which voters are able to influence government and hold leaders responsible. Competition between political parties can be judged or measured from two basic perspectives.
1) Consider the division of the popular vote (the closer the popular vote is to an even division, the more competitive the election is)
2) Control of Elected offices: a highly competitive party system is one in which both parties regularly win office
3) Judge both aspects of competition (popular vote division and party control of elected office) across different office levels: Where there is an even level of competition across offices, it will be easier for parties to present a clearer and more coherent image to the voters
For Federal 1996-2003: southern voters as likely to cast Republican vote for gov, US rep, or US senate. In state legislative elections voters remained more inclined to vote Democratic. Republican share of presidential, congressional and gubernational elections hovered around 55% showing competitive party system with Republican advantage. Democratic advantage in state legislative elections steadily eroding.
Control of Office- yields a picture of greater competition than does looking at vote % alone. Although democrats only 45%, enough variability in vote division over time and across states to produce Democratic victories. Further down the ballot, Democrats have been more successful (60% of state legislators and controlled both houses in 7 of 11 southern states.
Alternation of control of office: over .5 of gubernational elections after 1991 were elections in which the office changed hands. US Senate elections have displayed less change in party control, b/c of great importance of incumbency. Significant volatility in vote to allow either party to win. |
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Term
| 2) Party System Cleavages |
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Definition
1) Emphasizes clear and stable cleavages between the parties in system, so that the parties represent different political viewpoints otherwise no link between voters and elite.
2) What policy issues of social divisions divide them
3) Party system cleavages also can be judged in terms of extent to which elite cleavages reflect social and ideological divisions in the population
In 1940s, class and religious differences in voting were extremely weak, now they are sharply defined. Race, religion, and SES help to distinguish Democratic voters from Republican ones. Partisans divide over areas including race-related, social, and economic and social welfare issues
-How social factors are tied to partisan choice
Race is most important social factor affecting voting and sharp racial division between parties appeared after CRM. Blacks also constitute about 1/5 of southern electorate, so their significance is far greater than 1950
-As well as race, religion has become an important factor in voting behavior, as religious and evangelical voters have disproportionately supported Republicans
Cleavage did not clearly emerge until 1980s. Republicans do better among white evangelical Protestants than among white mainstream Protestants and among whites who are more religious
-SES has become a basis for partisan choice
even among whites, those who are poorer are more likely to vote Democratic. This pattern disappeared in 1960s but then reappeared.
-Emergence of class cleavages attributed to several developments especially economic development (urbanization and industrialization) and declining racial conflict
-Clear presence of racial, religious and class cleavages in voting behavior means that major social divisions of population are reflected in party system.
-Ideological cleavages emerged: (conversion)
-Party in governmetn
After demise of Solid South, clear policy differences now exist between Democratic and Republican officeholders and candidates easily seen in Congress. S. Democratic congressmen moved closer to N. Democrats creating a gap
-Party Organizational Activists
1991- Republicans clearly conservative while Democrats evenly mixed.
2001- nearly all Republicans conservative and over half very conservative. 1/5 of Democrats conservative and 40% liberal |
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Term
| 3) Party Organizational Strength |
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Definition
Can be assessed in terms of...
Resources (money and people)
Activities (election activities, organization maintenence activities, recruiting candidates, providing resources and assistance to candidates, fund raising)
-Before two party South, neither party had strong state party organization. 1970-80s stronger state party organizations began to emerge; Republicans first, but Democrats responded quickly. Both have permanent party headquarters in each state. 1980s began focus on developing grassroots organizations
-Grassroots party activits- substantial activity at the county level. Democrats have more grassroots organizations in earlier decades b/c Republicans weak at first. |
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Term
| Nixon's "New American Majority" |
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Definition
| Nixon suggested that the South was not really any different from the rest of the country and everyone had similar problems. Took Wallace position: Came out against busing for desegregation, promised to appoint "strict constructionists" for Supreme Court, and took a tough stance on law and order. Able to woe many conservatives, including Strom Thurmond. |
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Term
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Definition
| March 1956- vast majority of southerners signed document "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" as an attack on the Supreme Court's 1954 decision outlawing racial segregation in public education. Called it naked judicial power and clear abuse of judicial power. asserting separate but equal doctrine. Condemned encroachments on rights reserved to the states and said to use all lawful means to reverse the decision. Nixon nominated a Southerner Republican who supported document to Supreme Court. Lyndon Johnson didn't sign it. Johnson and other's disapproval kept the South from presenting a unified front against the authority of the Supreme Court. The failure of political leadership was a primary cause of the violence and destruction that scarred the mind and soul of the South in the ten years following the signing of the Southern Manifesto. Some regret involvement. |
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Term
| Nixon's response to Brown v. Board |
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Definition
| While VP by Eisenhower supported court ruling. 12 years later, Nixon promises to appoint justices to the Court whose decisions on race and crime and civil liberties would not be so "liberal." He politicized the Supreme Court more than any president. ATtempted to appoint southern judges to sway segregationist whites. After appointing Warren Burger who affirmed use of busing, Nixon stepped up his personal campaign against busing. Took issue of school desegregation and busing into a political football. During his tenure, prosecution of school district noncpliance with Civil Rights Act of 1964 ceased; federal funds to aid desegregating school districts have never materialized; funds for busing prohibited. Southern Strategy of 1968 and its metamorphosis into new American majority of 1972 incorporated the spirit of the Southern Manifesto. He stopped Johnson's work and to capture white South, promised it relief from incursions of the black South including busing, suburb desegregation, welfare suckers, law and order, and Supreme Court. He ended up being elected by a landside 70% of popular vote which is the combination of Nixon vote and Wallace vote from 1968 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1968- nation's growing alarm over racial issues no longer confined to South. Early on, Wallace made an about-face from racial moderation to white supremacy, especially school desegregation. (freedom of choice, neighborhood schools, resistance to busing, unyielding segregation). He enlarged his following by enlarging his list of grievances and by modifying his public positionso on some racial issues. Wallce selectively chose those things which most frighten and frustrate the masses of white Middle Americans. Appealed to white fears of big gov, business, labor unions, religious bodies, cities. Got voters considered conservative and old fashioned. All people who control things from above are foes. Finally, message about blacks, which Nixon took, and was basis for adhesive element in Wallace's appeal. |
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Term
| Democratic Party Factionalism |
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Definition
| Rudimentary elements of party competition existed within the faction of Democratic Party, which would become the Republican Party. Key found that TN, VIRG, GA were bifurcated, while Florida had a multiplicity of factions. AR, SC, TX, and MS had multiple Democratic factions which he characterized as "friends and neighbors" associations within one party. NC, AL, and LA occupied middle ground. B/c of this, Democratic primary was tantamount to election. Virginia stood alone as a state where one faction, Byrd Machine, dominated. AR, SC, TX, MS and FL were wide open systems where the strongest factional candidate could not expect much more than a third of the primary vote. By 1970s, instutional forces maintaining Democratic Party dominance in South began to crumble |
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Term
| Mayhew's 4 Categories of realignment |
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Definition
1) Periodicity. The realignment cycle emerges approximately every thirty years or so, and is fueled by the tension between inertia and concentrated bursts of change. 1932, 1948. Carter failed to get South in Democrats but Reagan succeeded in getting southerners to Republicans
2) Its preconditions are met when new cleavages appear, often in ideological polarization. Good showings by third parties tend to stimulate or take place shortly before realignments. John Anderson ran as moderate independent in 1980 to push other candidates to fringe. This backfired as Americans wanted more ideological leadership
3) Concerning issues. A cluster of related issues (slavery, role of government in Great Depression) force a new dominant voter cleavage. Even though a major event didn't occur in 1980, ideological polarization can force realignment just like a crisis.
4) final requirement for realignment is a change in government policy ( a turning point in mainstream of national policy formation). The public expresses its will on crucial issues that determine subsequent elections. Reagan election was watershed in determining the size and role of government. |
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Term
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Definition
| For much of 20th century, enormous power held by southern committee chairmen. Southern Caucus had 22 senators who met and was sufficient to stop any threatened legislation in the prewar and postwar years. 1938- couldn't get simple majority for antilynching bills, let alone the 2/3 needed to stop the filibuster. Midcentury Caucus met, agreed upon tactics, and left meetings in a solid front. Collectively the Caucus decided what issues made legislativve calendar and when they were considered. This bloc of parliamentary power disappeared when southern states began to send Republicans to US Senate, but it reemerged in the guise of the GOP in the 21st century |
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Term
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Definition
Most widely used and effective measure of party competition. First appeared in 1965 and has been updated 6 times. Index based entirely on state offices (governor, state senator, state representative) is a good indicator of any change in two party politics in any state over time. 1946-63 - Eight southern states were Democratic dominant states and three other states modified Democratic Dominant. 1989-94 - Not one southern state one party democratic. Five states remaining modified one party Democratic states. Six states were two party competitive. 1995-1998 - only AR, GA, and LA found to be modified one-party democratic. Remaining eight states were two party competitive. Measure has three components for index
1) Proportion of Success: % of votes won by parties in elections and % of seats by parties in each house
2) Duration of success - length of time parties controlled legislature
3) Frequency of Divided Control: the proportion of time the govenorship and legislature were divided between two parties |
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Term
| Democratic Party Factionalism |
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Definition
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Term
| Mayhew's 4 Categories of Realignment |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| passed June 1866 with purpose to protect citizens from disciminatory actions by state governments. grant citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US" extended citizenship not just to former slaves in South but to free blacks in North who did not normally enjoy full benefits of citizenship. By 1870, last three states admitted into Union. |
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