Term
MENINGES: _______ is the thick and inelastic, outtermost layer of the meninges. Composed of the outter_____layer and the inner _____ layer. |
|
Definition
Dura Mater,
Periosteal,
Meningeal, |
|
|
Term
The name of the midline fold of duramater between the two hemispheres Name of the posterior "tent-like" sheet of dura mater that divides the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. |
|
Definition
Falx Cerebri,
Tentorium Cerebelli |
|
|
Term
4 Septa of Skull ______ ______ (midline Cerebrum) ______ of _____ (tent of cerebellum) ______ _______ (midline of cerebellum) ______ ______ (diaphram of sellar, attached to pituitary gland) |
|
Definition
Cerebral Falx,
Tentorium of Cerebellum,
Cerebellar Falx,
Diaphragma Sellae, |
|
|
Term
Venous Vessels are found within the Margins/Sinuses of skull
5: major Sinuses
_______ ________ sinus (withing attatched margins of falx)
_______ ______(smaller sinus on free edge of falx)
______ ( sinus attatched to posterior margin of tentorium)
_____ (where tenatorium meets MCF..."curved")
______ (located adjacent of sella turicica. Internal carotid artery and abducent nerve run through the sinus. surrounds pituitary gland) |
|
Definition
Superior sagittal,
Inferior Sagittal,
Transverse,
Sigmoid,
Cavernous, |
|
|
Term
| Important Structures Running through Cavernous Sinus? (6...1 artery set and 5 nerves (AOTOM)) |
|
Definition
Internal Carotid Artery
Abducent Nerve
Oculomotor Nerve
Trochlear Nerve
Opthalmic Division of Tri
Maxillary Division of Tri |
|
|
Term
Flow of Blood in Dural Sinus
_______ _______ sinus blood and _____ _______ sinus blood both flow into _________ of sinus (the ISS must go through ____ sinus first). The C of Sinus then goes to the ______ sinus. Then to ______ sinus...then out to ______ ______ vein.
The Cavernous Sinus has 2 routes:
1: to ___ ____ sinus to ______ sinus: to ______ sinus out to IJV
2: to ____ _____ sinus to IJV |
|
Definition
Supperior Sagittal, Inferior Sagittal, Confluence of sinus, Straight, Transverse, Sigmoid, Ingernal Jugular Vein;
1: Superior petrosal sinus, transverse sinus,
2: Inferior Petrosal Sinus, internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
Other Cerebral meningeal Layers: Loosely covering brain and only enters cerebral longitudinal and transverse fissures. Innermost layer that invaginates into ventricles to take part in formation of choroid plexus. |
|
Definition
Arachnoid mater (below is CSF);
Cerebral Pia Mater |
|
|
Term
Cauliflower-like, _____ _____ project into sinuses of dura mater and serve as sites where CSF diffuses in to blood stream What are purposes of CSF (3)? |
|
Definition
Arachnoid Granulations;
Provides fluid inportant for ACTION POTENTIALS, floats brain to softem impact within bony walls, Important for nutrient deposition and waste removal |
|
|
Term
Choroid Plexus is cappilaries covered by _____ cells. It is responsible for all production of CSF in the brain Has _ lateral ventricles (in cerebral hemispheres), a roof or _ ventricle (in the diencephalon), and a _ ventricle which routes to the spinal cord (within pons, medulla, and cerebellum). CSF absorbed back through Arachnoid Granulations to go to sinus for exit to IJV |
|
Definition
Ependymal;
2nd,3rd, 4th;
Arachnoid villi; |
|
|
Term
Which ventricle(s) produces teh most CSF? CSF flows from Lat ventricles which are joined by the through Foramen of _____ to 3rd Ventricle through _____ ______ to the 4th Ventricle. Then through the Foramen of ______ to the subarachnoid space |
|
Definition
Lateral;
Monroe (interventricular foramen);
Cerebral Aquaduct;
Magendie; |
|
|
Term
Blood-brain barrier(and Blood-CSF barrier) is very closely regulated to prevent leakage of toxins into brain. Capillary cells held together by _____ _____ which only allow for diffusion of oxygen, glucose, CO2 and water. (develops over first few years of life). ____ is one chemical that is also permeable and costs me a lot of money (lead is also permeable) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAME SOME THINGS THAT CAN DISRUPT BBB |
|
Definition
Trauma – mechanical, irradiation, chemical;
Inflammation;
Ischemia /hemorrhage;
Tumor;
Demyelinating disease;
Neurodegeneration;
Certain metabolic and congenital disorders;
Epilepsy; |
|
|
Term
| Dr. Bryan Lecture (some completed in Lecture 4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since there are no pain receptors in the head, headaches come from the mechanical traction, inflammation or irritation of 4 main areas which are? |
|
Definition
Meninges;
Blood vessels;
Scalp;
Skull; |
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications (name it): Recurrent, Familial (75%), associated with nausea/vomiting, can have triggers, caused by lack of O2 (causes aura), unilateral (60%), throbbin, phono/photophobias What makes one of these Complicated? |
|
Definition
Migraine (prevalent in 11% of adults...usually between ages 25-55)
Transient focal deficits (acute lose in a particular sensory capacity ..ie vision loss) |
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications: Lasts 30-90 min, Every day for weeks, vanish for months, very severe, AROUND ONE EYE, tearing nasal congestion, sweating and AFFECTS MALES |
|
Definition
| Cluster Headache (look for drooping eyelid on side of ache) |
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications: Rule others out and this maybe it: Bilateral, associated with stress, mechanism unclear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications: Can be caused by spinal tap due to Low CSF, Relieved by lying down. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications: Occurs after a Seizure....Often Todd's paralysis mimicking a stroke. |
|
Definition
Post-ictal Headache
Faint or FIT…..”did you wake up with a headache”
If someone wakes up with one you know a seizure probably happened |
|
|
Term
Headache Classification: Headache, Fever, Photophobia, phonophobia
Lethargy, Nuchal rigidity(( (stiff neck), Can’t touch chin to chest Kernig’s sign (Flex hips and straighten kneespain in hamstrings), Brudzinski’s sign (Neck flexion causes hips to flex)))
|
|
Definition
| Meningitis (pt. dead in 2 days if untreated) |
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications: pt. over age of 50, new headaches, abrupt onset of visual disturbances, symptoms of POLYMYALGIA RHEUATICA, jaw claudication, temporal artery enlarged and firm, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) elevated (corticosteroids normalize), abnormal temporal artery on angiogram or biopsy. |
|
Definition
Temporal Arteritis (PT. will go blind if you don't treat)
A subtype ofvasculitis that affects the temporal arteries and arteries to the eyes,
(Polymyalgia rheumatica) subacute or chronic onset of aching and morning stiffness in the shoulders, hip girldles, neck and torso in pts over 50 that can be accompanied by malaise, fatigue, anorexia, and weight loss) |
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications: Caused by pealing away of arterial innerwall. This can cause a daming of the wall as blood flows into space created by tear. Can be accidentaly caused by cathedars. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Headache Classifications: Caused by blot clot formation in Venous Sinus. Often seen in girls, GIRL ON BIRTH CONTOL PILL. This will not show up on MRI or CAT SCAN….YOU NEED AN MRV (cat scan of vessels of brain will reveal it to you), has genetic and acquired preconditions. |
|
Definition
Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Genetic
Protein S deficiency
Protein C deficiency
Antithrombin III deficiency
Factor V Leiden mutation
Prothrombin gene mutation
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Acquired
Antiphospholipid antibody
Nephrotic syndrome |
|
|
Term
Intracranial Mass lesions: raise intracranial pressure, compress and destroy proximal areas to the lesion, and displace nervous system structures and cause herniation. A descriptive term used for any distortion of normal brain geometry due to a mass lesion: _______ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Elevated Intracranial Pressure caused by 3 things..name em. What are some Symptoms? What nerve is vulnerable to Elevated IPs? What are four clinical presentations of Pseudotumor Cerebri? |
|
Definition
Mass, Hydrocephalus, Pseudotumor Cerebri (no mass!);
CN VI (it is long and has many bends);
HIND (headache, impaired alertness, nausea, diplopia) also papilledema and Sixth Nerve Palsy;
Girl, headache, Irregular cycles, NORMAL CT OR MRI, ELEVATED CSF |
|
|
Term
Normal CSF pressure? A herniation of the medial temporal lobe downward through the tentorial notch is called a _____ herniation. |
|
Definition
10 mm Hg, High CSF is around 200 mmHg
Uncal Herniation (clinical triad of a "blown pupil from pressure on CN III, hemiplegia from compression of cerebral peduncles, and dimished alertness from distortion of midbrain reticular formation) |
|
|
Term
A sudden trauma-induced alteration of the alert state. Normal MRI. Person sees stars. Can be accompanied by headache, dizziness, nausea, and some amnesia. Person unable to concentrate or will be confused. (what is this)? type of amnesia where you can't remember events after lesion onset? Before onset? |
|
Definition
Concussion,
Anterograde,
Retrograde, |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Posconcussive Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| headaches, dizziness, fatigue, anxiety, inability to tolerate alcohol. Doesn't occur in children. Intolerant of noise and crowds ...to name a few |
|
|
Term
Intracranial Hemmorrhage....cause classifications: Traumatic or _______ Type (name type of Hemorrhage): Traumatic, Occurs in tight potential space between dura and skull, usually caused by fracture of temporalbone (leads to rupture of minengeal artery) X-ray shows LENS-SHAPED HEMATOMA. |
|
Definition
Spontaneous,
Epidural Hematoma (expanding hemorrhage peels dura away from skull...Pt. lucid and fine until increased intracranial pressure leads to a herniation...and finally Death |
|
|
Term
Hemorrrhage Type Traumatic, occurs between dura and loosely adherent arachnoid. Caused by rupture of bridging veins. Venous blood spreads out over a large area forming a CRESCENT. Treated with surgical evacuation...can resolve spontaneously. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hemorrhage Type: Hemorrhage in CSF-filled space between arachnoid and pia....Radiologically blood flows down into the sulci in the contours of the pia. Can be traumatic or spontaneous. Traumatic caused by? Spontaneous from? |
|
Definition
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage,
Bleeding into CSF from damaged blood vesells...usually accompanied by other CNS damage,
Aneurysm (80%...) |
|
|
Term
Hemmorhage type: Bleeding into cerebrum, traumatic, spontaneous (HTN). Bleeding in white matter. Shearing forces or contusions (bruises from skull to cerebral blows)can cause Contusions (types): a) bruising of surface of brain beneath impact point b)bruising to opposite side of impact point |
|
Definition
Intracranial Hemorrhage
a) Coup
b) Contrecoup |
|
|
Term
Hydrocephalis Types: A) From over production of CSF (tumor in choroid plexus)communicating B) from blockage of CSF pathway;Noncommunicating C) from decreased absorption at arachnoid granulation; (unusual gait, urinary incontinece, dementia, NO HEADACHE)communicating |
|
Definition
A) Productive
B)Obstructive (noncommunicating=obstruction of CSF pathway)
C)Absorptive |
|
|
Term
HydroCephalus: Not from increased intracranial Pressure...not a cause of headache. |
|
Definition
|
|
