Blood Collection Tubes:

1)  Allows blood sample to clot and permits serparation of serum when it needs to be tested

Blood Collection Tubes:

Prevents blood from clotting, has the additive EDTA in it to prevent the clotting

Blood Collection Tubes:

Prevents Glycolysis so one can estimate the amount of glucose in the original sample.  Contains the additive SODIUM FLUORIDE OXALATE

Gray Top

Blood Collection Tubes:

Prevents blood from clotting when plasma needs to be tested.  Contains the additive Heparin.

Blood Collection Tubes:

Prevents blood from clotting when plasma needs to be tested and contains the additive SODIUM CITRATE

Blue Top

Blood Collection Tubes:

Binds Calcium to prevent blood clotting.  Contains the additive Sodium Citrate

Blood Collection Tubes:

Preserves Red Blood Cells...contains the additive CITRATE DEXTROSE.  

Blood Collection Tubes:

Collects Serum....Specially designed Separator Tube that contains no Additive

T/F...1)  Perform testing only if it will alter prognosis, treatment

2)  Reference ranges never vary from lab to lab

3)  What is the name that oversees proper medical laboratory quality control and standards?

4)  Reference values represent __% of the population.

5)  T/F     Negative lab values rule out a clinical diagnosis.

1)  True

2)  False

3) Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) 

4)  95%

5)  False..they don't rule out a clinical diagnosis

1)  CLIA  Certificate renewal is every __ years

2)    What is one way in which CLIA ensures quality laboratory testing

3)  Lab personnel must be ______ and competent.

1)  Two

2)  By requiring submission of SOP (standard opperating procedures)

3)  qualified

1)     Name the 4 major components of Blood
 

2) What makes up Plasma (Anticoagulated)?

3) What makes up Serum (Coagulated)

1)  i)Plasma
    ii) WBC
    iii) RBC
         iv) Platelets

2)  The watery, liquid part of the blood in which the red blood cells, the white blood cells, and platelets are suspended.

3)   Pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the liquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin.

 Give the Normal Values: 

1)  CBC... i)  RBC#

ii) MCV

iii) MCHC

 2)    Urinalysis...i) pH? ii)  protien iii)  specific gravity iv)  Glucose, ketones, nitrates, crystals, cast?v) RBC

1)  4.2-6.1 x 10^6  (Male>Female) ii)  80-95 micrometers^3 iii) 32-36 g/dl (or 32-36%)

 2)   i)  4.6-8

ii)None or up to 8mg/dl (much more during activity)

iii)1.005-1.030(newborns are lower)

iv) NEGATIVE (no more than50-300mg/day)

v)  less than 2

Normal Values

1)  ProTime
2)   Partial Prothrombin time

3) Activated Prothrombin Time

4)    INR:
5)  glucose
 

1)  11-12.5 seconds

2)   60-70 seconds

3) 30-40 seconds (intrinsic pathway with activators)

4)  0.8-1.1 

5)   4-7 mmol/L...(this may need to be double checked...i got it off of wikipedia)

1) 10-20 mg/dl (BUN is directly related to metabolic function of liver and excretory function of kidney)

2) 0.5-1.2 mg/dl, Male (slightly higher than female)

3) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

4)135 - 147 mEq/L

5) 98-106 mEq/L

1)  CO2:  
  2)  reticulocyte count: 
  3) CPK <1.0 mg/dl CK-MB
  4) cerebral spinal fluid
5) troponin: i) (cardiac troponin T:   ii)  cardiac troponin I:

6)  Hematocrit

1)  23-30 mEq/L

2)   0.5%-2%

3) 30-170 units/L..male>female..exercise>rest:  Creatine phosphokinase (high levels represent damage to hear, brain, or skeletal muscle) (peak 18hrs afer injury)

4) 450 units/L

5) Both help identify heart muscle damage...better than CK-MB.....longer window of time 7-10 days post -damage....i) <0.2 ng/ml  ii)  <0.03 ng/ml

6)  37-54%

1)  Specificity- measures ?

2)  Sensitivity measures?

1)  the proportion of negatives which are correctly identified (% accuracy of TRUE NEGATIVES)

2)  measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such (% accuracy of True Positives)

1)  describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney; the best test to measure your level of kidney function and determine your stage of kidney disease

2) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR.

=damage to the kidney itself

1) toxins or medication (NSAIDS) 2) rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle tissue leading to renal damage) - blunt trauma...statins  3)    hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells) - the hemoglobin damages the tubules; •    4)  multiple myeloma, either due to hypercalcemia or "cast nephropathy"  5)  acute glomerulonephritis which may be due to a variety of causes, such as anti glomerular basement membrane disease/Goodpasture's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis or acute lupus nephritis with systemic lupus erythematosus

  1) medication interfering with normal bladder emptying (e.g. anticholinergics).
2)  benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostate cancer.
  3) kidney stones

4)  due to abdominal malignancy (e.g. ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer).
  5) obstructed urinary catheter

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE:

1)  creatinine level at ___ times
2) _____ >355 μmol/l (with a rise of >44)
3)  urine output below ______ for 24 h

1) 3.0

2) creatinine

0.3 ml/kg

1)  The FMV is a single urine collection upon ____. It provides a time-average for_____ spikes that may occur during the hours of sleep (approximately 8-hours), and includes the early morning peak excretion expected in a number of hormones

2)  What is this important for?

1)  waking

 hormone

2)  Pregnancy Testing

1)  What does the Ictotest confirm?

2)  What does a positive look like

1)Billirubin (RBC breakdown..specifically hemoglobin)

2)  Purple

1)What does SSA confirmatory test look for?

2)What does a positive test look like?

1)  Proteins in Urine

2)  Hazy

1) Define myoglobinuria 

2)  list at least 4 causes

1) Define Bence-Jones protein

2) its significance

1)  What is HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) detected in urine usually used for?

2)  What else can it indicate?

1)  Hormone detected in early pregnancy

2)  hCG is an important tumor marker

1)  What is Preeclampsia?

2)  List the Diagnostic criteria for mild preeclampsia

1)  is a medical condition where hypertension arises in pregnancy (pregnancy-induced hypertension) in association with significant amounts of protein in the urine

2)  i) Pregnancy is greater than 20 weeks
ii)  Blood pressure is greater than 140 systolic or 90 diastolic
iii)  0.3g of protein is collected in a 24-hour urine sample, or persistent 1+ protein measurement on urine dipstick

Normal Values:

1) WBC=

2)  Hemoglobin count=

1)  4,500-10,000 cells/mL

2) 12.0-16.5 g/dL