1)____ -____ bifurcation point into internal and external carotid arteries
2)  ___- ____ is the lower limit of the pharynx and larynx and the superior limit of the trachea and esophagus

3) CN __ descends through the neck and into the thorax and abdomen where it innervates viscera
 

1) 3-4

2) 5-6

3) 10....Vagus

The (1)anterior/posterior?) rami of 2) C_-C_form the cervical plexus

2)  The digestive tract can be accesses through the ____ cavity by a feeding tube 

3) The ___ and _____ divide the neck into anterior and posterior triangles

4)  Boundaries of the anterior triangle (3)

5) Boundaries of the posterior triangle

1) Anterior, C1-C4

2) Nasal

3)  trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

4) Median vertical line of the neck
Inferior margin of the mandible
Anterior margin of the SCM

5) Middle 1/3 of Clavicle
Anterior margin of trapezius
Posterior margin of the SCM

Part of the Sphenoid?   (t/f?)

Lesser wing & greater wing

styloid process?

Sella turcica holds pituitary gland
Optic foramen

zygomatic process

T

F

T

T

F

1) Lateral masses

2) Turbinates

1)  Infratemporal fossa

2) Pterygopalatine fossa

1) Posteriorly the inferior limit of the neck can be approximated by a line between the acromion and the spinous process of ___.

2)  Larynx is the ____ part of the lower airway
 

1)  CVII

2)  upper

There are 7 cervical vertebrae

1) ____ TO ____ correspond to the structural patterns of the typical cervical vertebrae
2)  ____ is called the vertebra prominens is somewhat different

3)  Side to side rotation is permited by the..?

4) Support of skull and nodding permitted by?

1) C3-C6

2) C7

3) Axis (C2)

4) Atlas (C1)

1) Major veins, arteries, and nerves are ___  and ____  to the trachea.

2)  Larynx and trachea are ____ to the digestive tract

3)  Parasympathetic fibers in the head are carried out of the brain via (name the 4 CNs)

1) anterior and lateral

2)  anterior

3) 3,7,9,10

1) The cervical plexus is formed by ___ through ___ and supplies innervations for the ______ muslces.

2)   In newborns the larynx is high in the neck and the epiglottis is above the level of the soft palate so babies can suckle and breathe at the same time. During the ______ year of life the larynx descends into the low cervical position of adults

3)  Skull Has __bones (facial and cranial included) excluding the ossicles of the ear. 

1)  C1-C4, Strap

2)   second

3) 22

1)   ______ is not part of the cranium nor part of the facial skeleton.

2)  Calvaria=____

 3)  ____ ____ are there to help WARM THE AIR.
MENTAL FORAMEN (_____ nerve comes out here….dentist hits this to numb your gums)

1)  Mandible

2)  Skull

3) NASAL CONCH, Alveolar

Sphenoid: 

1)  Pterygoid processes are attachment sites for ____ muscles

2)_____ is a cubelike portion holding sphenoid sinuses

3)  ____ _____ is part of Sphenoid that holds the pituitary gland

1)   jaw muscles
2) Body

3)  Sella Turcica

Ethmoid Bone:

 1) ____ _____ contain ethmoid sinuses

2) ____ ____ is upper part of nasal septum. Vomer forms the lower part.

3)  The ethmoid bone is the major superior support of teh nasal cavity...T or F?

4) The ethmoid bone forms part of the _____ portion of the cranial floor, the _____ wall of the orbits, the superior portion of the nasal septum, and most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity

1) Lateral Masses

2) Perpindicular Plate

3) True

4) anterior, medial

1) What bones come together at the PTERION?

2) fractures here can lead to _____  ______ which can be fatal

3)  Name the 4 arteries that supply the meninges in the skull.

4)  what is largest?  what does it come from?

1)  At the pterion the frontal, parietal, greater wing of the sphenoid and temporal bones come together

2) Extradural hematoma

3) Anterior meningeal arteries
Middle and accessory meningeal arteries
Posterior meningeal artery
4) Middle meningeal artery is the largest and arises from the Maxillary artery (from External Carotid)

1) Which CN innervates the Dura Mater?

 2) CSF reabsorbed through ____  ____

3)  Does the Pia Mater enter the grooves and sulcuses of the brain?  

1) Cranial Nerve V all three braches. 

2) Reabsorbed through arachnoid villi
grapelike clusters of arachnoid penetrate dural venous sinus

3) Yes...it is the innermost layer. 

Cavernous Sinus...

Which structures pass through?

1) Primary

2) Secondary

1) Extradural hematoma

2)  Subdural hematoma

Name this Muscle:

1) Compresses nasal aperature, ( alar part) draws cartilage downward and laterally opening nostril

2) Draws down medial angle of eyebrows producing transverse wrinkles over bridge of nose. 

1)  Nasalis

2) Procerus

1) Presses cheek against teeth to compress distended Cheeks

2) closes and protrudes the lips

3) raises and protrudes lower lip as it wrinkles skin on chin

4)  Retracts corner of mouth

5) draws corner of mouth upward and laterally

6) Draws upper lip upward.

1) Buccinator
2) Obicularis oris
3) Mentalis
4) Risorius
5) Zygomaticus major

6) Zygomaticus minor

1) Name this gland:

Largest of the 3 salivary glands in the head ( sublingual and submandibular)...Produces a watery saliva and amylase (breaks down carbs) Tumors are typically benign
2) SENSORY: What innervates it (be specific)?

PARASYMPATHETIC Innervation?:

3) Where Facial Nerve
External carotid and its branches
Innervation is the auriculotemporal Nerve Branch of the Mandibular nerve V3 Exits skull through the_____ _____ .
4) Enters the mouth near the _____ upper molar tooth
 

1) Parotid Gland.

2) Auricotemporal Nerve Branch of V3 of Facial Nerve (CN7) 

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN9)

3)  foramen ovale

4) Second

1)  There are 5 terminal groups of branches of the facial nerve are:

2)  The facial nerve passes through the ______ bone and emerges from the base of the skull through the ________ foramen
 

1)  Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular 

cervical

2) temporal, stylomastoid

Bell's Palsy: 

1)  Lesions at _____  _____ are the Commonest and usually result from a viral inflammation of the nerve in the bony canal Patient has an ipsilateral loss of motor function of the whole side of the face. Cannot chew food well.

2)  Lesions at the ______  ______ lead to Loss of motor function on the whole ipsilateral side of the face Taste and salivation are affected
 

1)  stylomastoid foramen

2) geniculate ganglion

1) facial

2)  Cavernous Sinus

1)  The _____ provides major support for each eyelid and is made up of dense connective tissue. Associated with the tarsus I the upper eyelid is the levator palpebrae superioris which raises the eyelid innervated by ____

2)  What do tarsal glands do?

3) Inability to close the eyes by Orbicularis oculi is caused by a lesion to which CN?

4) Tarsal muscles are innervated by ____ fibers.

1) Tarsus, CN III

2) secrete oil that keeps lids from sticking together

3) Facial Nerve (opthalmic branch)

1)  What passes through teh Superior Orbital Fissure (3 things)?

2)  What passes through the Inverior Orbital Fissure (2 things)? 

1)  Superior Orbital Fissure Passing through the superior orbital fissure are the superior and inferior branches of CN II, CN IV (trochlear…superior oblique) and CN VI (lateral abducens)

2)   Passing through he inferior orbital fissure are the maxillary nerve of CNV and the infra-orbital vessels

Turner's Syndrome: 

1) Lesion in the _____ trunk in the neck
2)  3 typical features
Pupillary _______
Partial  _____due paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle
Absence of ______ (anhidrosis)

1) sympathetic

2) Constriction, ptosis, sweating

1) Vessels are branches of the opthalmic artery. This is a branch of the ______ carotid artery

2)   Ciliary Ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion of the CN___.

3)  Sympathetic fibers control vaso-dilation or ______.This is done by the ___ muscles.

4) The_____  _____ supplies nutrients to the avascular cornea and lens and maintains the intraocular pressure.
 

1)  internal carotid artery

2)CN 3 (Oculomotor)

3) Miosis, RADIAL (dilators)

4)  aqueous humor

Ear:

 1)  ______ tube leads to nasopharynx and drains inner ear fluid (in children it is horizontal..inadults it is vertical

2)  Which window connects the Stapes to teh Cochlea?

3) Which window is meatus to Labyrinth

4)  muscles that atttatch to ossicles in middle ear.

1)  Auditory tube

2)  Oval Window

3) Round

4) stapedius and tensor tympani

Name that Ear Muscle:

1) prevents very large vibrations of stapes from loud noises
2)   attaches to malleus
limits movements of malleus & stiffens eardrum to prevent damage

1)  Stapedius

2) Tensory Tympani

1)  Stapes pushes on fluid of scala _____ at oval window

2) Scala ______ is route of round window

3) both connected by ______

4) What runs between the two channels?

5) Which contain perilymph..which contain endolymph?

1)  vestibuli

2) tympani

3) helicotrema

4) The third channel (between the wings of the Y) is the cochlear duct (scala media).
 5)  Scala vestibuli and typani contain perilymph...Scala media contains endolymph

1) Is vibration more rigorous at the tympanic membrane or the Oval window?

 2) Is the frequency changed?

 3) Projecting over and in contact with the hair cells of the spiral organ is the _____  ____, a delicate and flexible gelatinous membrane  responsible for sensing perilymph changes and thus detecting sound.

4) As microvilli are bent, mechanically-gated channels in the membrane let in __ ions
 

1 and 2) oval window vibration is 20X more vigorous than eardrum (but the frequency of vibration is unchanged

3) Tectorial Membrane

4) K+ ions (then Ca channels open and help to release neurotransmitters)

1)  Inferior alveolar nerve is one of the largest branches of the Mandibular nerve V3 receives sensory information from the skin over the ______ it is also where the dental anaesthesia functions to numb.
2)  Nerves passing through the ptyergopalantine fossa are what? 

3)  THe ____ _____ carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue AND parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands...it originates from which CN VII

4)  T or F...the maxillary artery supplies the dura mater of the medial meninges? 

1)  mandible

2)  CN V  second branch (v2) ....7 different nerves branch off this branch

3) Chorda Tympani

4) True

1) Base

2) Apex

1) Most of the lateral surface of the mandible provides attachment for the _______ muscle

2) Unlike most synovial joints where the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by hyaline cartilage those of the TMJ are covered by _______.

3) Muscles involved with Mastication are (3 name em)...Innervated by?

4) Which Elevate?

5) Which Retract?Innervate

1) masseter

2) fibrocartlidge

3) Masseter, temporalis & pterygoids...CN V

4)  Masseter and Temporalis

5) Temporalis

1) Which nerve supplies the tensor tympani?  Which CN is it from?

 2)  The major nerve of the ptyergoid canal is the ____ ___ nerve a branch of the CN ___

3) This nerve caries all _______ signals above the oral fissure....(including some tastes from soft palate)

4) the Ptyergopalatine ganglion here is the smallest of all of those in the skull?...T or F?

1)  Nerve to Medial Pterygoid
CN V (branch 3)

2) Great Petrosal Nerve, CN VII

4) parasympathetic

4) False it is the largest

Neck:

1) Considered to be from lower border of mandible to T__.

2) ____ Common Carotid originates from the Brachiocephalic trunk
3)  _____  Common Carotid begins as a branch from the arch of the aorta
 

1) T1

2) Right

3) Left

1) At the bifurcation of the common carotid the dilation is called the _____   _____ and contains receptors that monitor blood pressure
2)  BP Receptors  Innervated by what  nerve?

3) Chemical monitors innervated by which nerve(s)?

1) carotid sinus

2) glossopharyngeal  

3) CN IX and X (glosso and vagus)

1) Internal Jugular vein begins as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus which is a dural venous sinus
Exits at the ____  foramen with CN __, __, and __ and enters the carotid sheath.
2) Lateral to the common carotid artery with the _____ nerve posterior and between the two vessels
Enters either the right or left brachiocephalic vein

3)  What are the nerves of the Anterior Triangle (5 of them)?

1) jugular; 9, 10, and 11

2) vagus (CN 10)

3) Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
 

1)  T/F...Thyroid is posterior in the neck and below and lateral to the thyroid cartilage

2) Parathyroid Glands are two pairs of yellowish glands that lie on the ______ surface of the thyroid.

3)   Recurrent laryngeal nerve branch from the ____ loops around the ______ on the right and the arch of the ______ on the left

1)  False Thyroid is anterior in the neck and below and lateral to the thyroid cartilage

2) posterior

3) Vagus, subclavian, aorta

1)  Superior Thyroid artery first branch of the ____  ____.
2)  Inferior Thyroid artery branch of the _____  ____ from the subclavian
3)  T3 and T4 both exert ______ feedback on the Hypothalmus (in dealing with TSH production)

4) T3 is mainly responsible for the ____ of metabolism.

5) Graves dz is an example of hyper/hypotheroidism?

1) external carotid

2)  thyrocervical trunk

3) Negative

4) Stimulation

5) Hypertheroidism

Name that Neck Muscle:

1)  Together draws head back, individually draw and rotates head to side...turns face to same side

2)   Elevates ribs I and II

Nerves of the POSTERIOR TRIANGLE:

3 total....

1)  The CN is?

2)  Branches of the _____ and ____plexus also here.

3) What is a major Cervical Plexus nerve found here (think C3-C5).

1)  CN 11...Accessory

2)  Cervical and Brachial

3) Phrenic

1)  C1-C4

2) C5-C6

3)  C7-T1

1)  Name this: Main Lymphatic duct that drains into left subclavian vein

2)   Soft tender nodes suggest an ________

3) Firm multinodular volume suggest ______

1) Thoracic Duct
2) Inflammation

3) Lymphoma

1) Which CN acts on Constrictor muscles of Pharynx?

2)  Longitudinal muslces of Pharynx act to ____ the pharynx

3)  They are innervated by which cranial Nerve(s)?

1) Vagus

2)Elevate

3) IX and X (also acts to close oropharyngeal isthmus using palatopharyngeus muscle)  

1)  What type of Epitheleum line the Oropharynx?

2) the Nasopharynx?

1) stratified squamous epithelium (because we have a lot of friction here…stratified helps protect)

2)  pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

PARANASAL Sinuses...VERY IMPORTANT:

 1) Ethmoidal Innervated by branches of
2) Sphenoidal Innervated by branches of

3) Maxillary Innervated by branches of 

4) Frontal Innervated by branches of  

1) V1 and V2

2) V1 and V2

3) V2

4) V3

Sphenopalatine Fossa...

1)  What arteries go through here?

2)   Nerves?  (2)

1)   Sphenopalantine branch of the MAXILLARY ARTERY

2)  Nasopalatine branch of Maxillary Nerve (V2)

Superior nasal branches of Maxillary Nerve (V2)

Arteries in nose:

1)  T or F? ....Arteries are from vessels from the internal carotid ONLY.

Innervation of Mouth:

 1) Upper parts including the palate and upper teeth?

1)  V2

2)  V3

3) facial, posterior 1/3taste controlled by CN IX

4) facial

Innervation of Oral Cavity:

 1)  Sympathetic fibers from __

2) All muscles of the tongue are innervated by XII except the palatoglossus ...innervated by___.
3) All muscles of the soft palate are innervated by CN X except for the tensor veli palatini ___.
 

1) T1

2) CN X

3)  CN V(3rd branch or V3)

Taste:

1)  Four classes of stimuli are?

2) T or F Taste receptors on tongue, soft palate, hard palate, & larynx

1) sour, bitter, sweet, and salty

2) False...all except hard palate.

1)  Name all CN nerve fibers involved in taste (there are 4)

1)First-order gustatory fibers found in cranial nerves

 V (pain/temperature)

VII (facial) serves anterior 2/3 of tongue
IX (glossopharyngeal) serves posterior 1/3 of tongue
X (vagus) serves palate & epiglottis

2)  parietal

3) True

T or F

1)CN VII and IX have parasympathetic wiring to the Salivary glands that decrease salivation?

2)  Parotid Gland receives its parasympathetic innervation from CN__

1)  False...They INCREASE SALIVATION...these are teh correct CNs though.

2)  IX...all other salivary glands get it from CN VII