Cofactors: THF, FH4

-donor and acceptor of one carbon units.

-makes stuff needed for synthesis of DNA and RNA

-serine↔glycine

-homocysteine→methionine

Deficiency: Megaloblastic(macrocytic) anemia.

Cofactor: Pyridoxal phosphate

-transamination, deamination(anything AA related)

-tryptophan→ nicotinamide

-ALA synthase (involved in Heme production)

-glygogen phosphorylase(Glycogen→Glucose)

-Glutamic acid→ γ-aminobutyric acid

-Makes neurotransmitters(Histamine, Serotonin, NE)

Deficiency: Microtic anemia

Cofactor: biotinyl-protein

-Carboxylations

-Pyruvate→OAA

-Acetyl CoA→Malonyl CoA (in fatty acid synthesis)

-Propionyl CoA→Methylmalonyl CoA

Deficiency: Alopecia, Nausea, Vomiting....

Raw egg whites have Avidin which bind Biotin and prevent its absorption in the gut.

Cofactor: Thiamindiphosphate(pyrophosphate)

-decarboxylation of Pyruvate, α-ketogluterate

-formation and utilization of 2-ketols by transketolases

Deficiency: Beriberi(wet and dry). Polyneuritis(dry) leads to paralysis. Edema(wet) heart failure.

Most likely to be deficient in the diet. Pyruvate will accumulate.

Cofactor: Coenzyme A

-synthesis of Citrate for Krebs cycle

-synthesis and oxidation of Fatty Acids.

-decarboxylation of 2-Keto acids

Deficiency: Burnings Feet, ......