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| What is the smallest unit of life? |
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Oraganisms (Living Things) |
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| organisms made up of only 1 cell |
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| organisms made up of many cells |
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specialized compartments that carry out specific functions |
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| What are the 2 types of cells? |
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| Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
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cells that contain a nucleus Plants, Animals, Protest and Fungi |
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Cells with no nucleus Bacteria |
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Controls cell activities Contains DNA |
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| Controls what enters and leaves the cells |
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| canals for transport of materials through the cell |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| produces protein to be excreted from the cell |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| produces lipids and carbohydrates |
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processes protiens for removal from the cell |
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| has enzymes that digest waste and old organelles |
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| Cellular respiration that breaks down sugar for energy |
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aids in cell reproduction NOT found in plant cells |
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store food, water, waste and pigments in larger plants |
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colloidal substance (like jello) that fills the interior of the cell |
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| Plant cells are what shape? |
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| Animal cells are what shape? |
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| traps sunlight to make food by photosynthesis |
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made of cellulose Protects and supports the cell |
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What are the characteristics of bacterial cells? |
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| long hair-like projections for cell movement |
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| short hair-like structures to hold onto a host cell |
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Name 2 types of Passive Transports |
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compounds move from high concentration to low |
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| difussion of water across a cell membrane |
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Name 2 types of Active Transport |
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large molecules are brought to the cell through chanel protiens |
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| large molecules are exported out of the cell |
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| Cells live in a water environment called a |
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low level of solute which causes water to leave the cell |
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| high level of solute that causes water to level the cell |
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Same concentration of the solute as the cell. No net movement of water. |
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| Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms use sunlight to |
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Photosynthesis happens in the cells of |
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| chlorophyl (the green stuff) |
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| What is a light reaction? |
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| chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs energy from the sun |
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energy from the light reaction is used to combine H20 and C02 from glucose to make (C6 H12 O6) |
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| Light energy is changed into |
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| What is cellular respiration? |
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| The process that breaks down glucose in order to make energy for an organism |
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| a compound that stores short-term energy in a cell |
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| Cellular respiration occurs in what part of a cell? |
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| Aerobic respiration requires what? |
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| What are the 3 steps in cellular respiration? |
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1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron transport chain |
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What is the Citric Acid Cycle? |
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| Glucose halves have electrons chopped off them. |
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What is the Electron Transport Chain? |
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| electrons from the citric acid cycle are used to make ATP molecules then the electrons are combined with oxygen |
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| Anaerobic Respiration does not require what? |
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| Where does anaerobic respiration occur? |
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bacteria and fungi but can happen in muscle tissue as well. |
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| What is another word for anaerobic respiration? |
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fermentation (like in alcohol) |
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| What are chromosomes made of? |
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| What do the DNA strands in a chromosome do? |
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Contain the directions on how to make the organism and how to keep it alive |
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| have 2 of each type of chromosome that determine the trait |
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| What is another name for diploid? |
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Homologous pairs or Homologous chromosomes |
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| How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have? |
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| If humans have 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes, how many chromosomes do they have total? |
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| How many chromosomes do humans get from their mother and how many from their father? |
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| If a human gets 23 chromosomes from each parent and one of those is a haploid cell (a sex cell) how many automoses (non sex cells) do they get from each parent? |
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What are the chromosomes of men? of women? |
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| What are sex linked traits? |
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| traits found on the X chromosome |
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| a picture of ordered pairs of an organism |
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| When an organism has 3 chromosomes for a trait instead of two |
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| When an organism has only 1 chromosome for a trait. |
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An organism with the following chromosomes XXX or XXXX |
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| What is Klinefelter's Syndrome? |
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| Chromosomes with XXY or XXXY |
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| Females with XO chromosomes |
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| What is a Double YY Male? |
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| A male with XYY chromosomes |
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| What are the phases of the cell cycle? |
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M Phase - cell division G1 Phase - cell grows S Phase - DNA synthesis (chromosomes copied) G2 Phase - cell grows and new organelles produced |
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The division of a cell into 2 new identical cells |
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| What are the phases of mitosis? |
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Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokensis |
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cell division that creates gametes sperm and egg |
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| Process of an egg and a sperm cell combining to produce a zygote |
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How many cells does a sperm have? |
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| How many cells does an egg have? |
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| How many cells does the zygote have? |
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| What are the steps of Meiosis? |
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1. Chromosomes are copied 2. all 4 chromatids come together to form a tetrad 3. Sections of chromosomes cross over Meiosis I - Separate into new haploid cells Meiosis II - Second division |
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| What are the 4 blood types? |
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The physical appearance of an organism |
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The organisms gene's TT, Tt, tt |
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| What is a Punnett square? |
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| A chart that shows the possible outcomes of genes that are combined |
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| Austrian monk credited with developing genetics |
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| transmission of traits from parents to offspring |
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| Mendel discovered that each trait has at least how many genes or factors? |
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different forms of a single trait, like short or tall red hair, brown hair, blond hair, etc. |
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| What is a dominant allel? |
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the trait that is present usually masks the recessive trait |
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| what is a recessive trait? |
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