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Definition
| correct problems that have already been caused |
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Definition
| mostly materials that get in the wrong place at too high concentrations |
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| studies how waste from one industry can serve as raw materials for another |
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| the attempt to quantify the risks posed by a certain level of some pollutant (contaminant) in the environment, particularly to human health |
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| What happens to organic contaminants? |
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Definition
| seldom taken up by plants, but may readily leach to ground water because they aren't adsorbed by soils |
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Definition
-direct soil ingestion
-leaching to ground water
-runoff to surface water
-plant uptake
-animal uptake |
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| for some chemicals, this is the reason to regulate them |
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Definition
| to prevent pipe corrosion |
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| the three important criteria for water quality for surface and ground waters |
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Definition
-chemical
-physical
-biological |
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Definition
| characterizes physical traits of water |
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| the 2 forms of stream sediment |
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Definition
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Definition
| includes the particles in suspension |
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Definition
sediment pushed along the bottom of the channel
more commonly associated w/ coarser substrate such as sand and gravel |
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| bad effects of heavily sedimented river beds |
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Definition
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Definition
| size distribution of sediments on the bottom of the channel |
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| vital factors for the productivity of many fish species |
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Definition
-channel bed topography
-size distribution of sediments on the bottom |
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Definition
| areas of cool water in lakes and streams; lowers metabolic needs for fish |
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Term
| pools provide these things for fish |
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Definition
-resting area
-protection from terrestrial and avian predators
-sometimes cooler water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| round plate quartered into black and white sections; measures depth of visibility |
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Term
| Other than sediment, turbidity is affected by... |
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Definition
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Definition
-very high Secchi depth
-very low inputs of nutrients and carbon |
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Definition
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Definition
-between oligotrophic and eutrophic
-moderate amounts of nutrients and carbon |
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Term
| how warmer water is bad for fish |
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Definition
-increased metabolism, thus increased O demand, but also decreased O level in water
-can also provide conditions for the growth of disease causing organisms |
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Term
| function of woody debris in a channel |
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Definition
-serves as a scour element
-serves as a food source |
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Term
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Definition
-during high flows, water is accelerated in a downward direction around the woody debris and scours out a hole around the bottom of the debris
-hole serves as a pool between storms
-wood itself provides cover, or hiding places, for fish |
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Term
| DO level in streams depends on... |
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Definition
-temp
-amount of sediment
-amount of O taken out by respiring and decaying organisms
-amount of O put back in stream by p'synth plants, stream flow, and aeration |
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Term
| biochem oxygen demand (BOD) |
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Definition
| measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions |
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Term
| the main focus of wastewater treatment plants |
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Definition
| to reduce the BOD in the effluent disto natural waters |
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Term
| chemical oxygen demand (COD) |
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Definition
| -doesn't differentiate between biologically available and inert organic matter, and is a measure of the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into CO2 and water
-always greater than BOD, but measured more quickly than BOD |
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Term
| If effluent w/ high BOD levels is discharged into a stream,... |
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Definition
| it will accelerate bacterial growth in the river and consume the oxygen levels in the river |
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Term
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Definition
| drop and rise in DO downstream from source of BOD |
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Term
| magnitude of pH increase of 1 unit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the pH of most natural waters is buffered by... |
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Definition
-a carbon dioxide bicarbonate system, since the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere serves as a source of carbonic acid
-tends to keep pH around 7-7.5 |
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Term
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Definition
-the ability to neutralize acids
-alkalinity of natural water derived from salts of weak acids |
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Term
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Definition
-decaying vegetation using up dissolved oxygen in the water
-can be caused by too much nutrients entering the water |
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Definition
-chemical that uses double layer kinetics to attract charged particles
-water treatment plants use these to aggregate dissolved solids |
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Definition
| ability of a substance to conduct electricity |
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Definition
| light, non-aqueous phase liquids; less dense than water; float in top layer of ground water |
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Definition
| dense, non-aqueous phase liquids; denser than water; sink to bottom of aquifers |
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Term
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Definition
| replaces zinc in body and seems to be a cumulative toxicant |
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Term
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Definition
-neurological disorders
-inhibits brain cell development in children
-prevents uptake of iron, making the victim seem anemic |
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Term
| how exposure to Hg, Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn can kill fish |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elements that emit radioactivity |
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Term
| bad effects of radionucleides |
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Definition
-damage human tissue directly
-cause cancer later in life
-mutations in later generations |
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Term
| the bacteria for which many states' surface water quality standards are written |
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Definition
| fecal coliform; they don't cause disease, but they serve as an indicator of disease causing agents in the aquatic environment |
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Term
| badceffects of too much bacteria in water |
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Definition
-disease
-poor water quality |
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Term
| presence of bacteria may indicate... |
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Definition
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Term
| what the zebra mussel has done in the U.S. |
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Definition
| filtered water so efficiently, that it turned some waters from mesotrophic to oligotrophic |
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Term
| what the flathead catfish has done in the Altamaha river |
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Definition
| introduced from its native habitat in the Mississippi River system, it hurt the native fish reserves |
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Term
| this makes some aquatic species very good biological indicators of physical and chemical water quality |
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Definition
| their physiology or life history |
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Term
| indices of biological integrity (IBI's) |
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Definition
| stat metrics accounting for species richness, abundance, and diversity |
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Definition
| affects water productivity and trophic state |
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Definition
| affects productivity and trophic state |
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Definition
| causes blue baby syndrome |
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Term
| effects of total dissolved solids |
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Definition
-general indicator of iron concentration
-affects taste |
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Term
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Definition
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| effects of vinyl chloride |
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Definition
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Term
| many cases of soil and water contamination result from... |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pollution from a certain point, such as a pipe |
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Term
| non-point source pollution |
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Definition
| pollution from surroundings, such as ag runoff |
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Term
| the objective of the Clean Water Act of 1972 |
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Definition
| to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters |
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Term
| Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) programs |
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Definition
| developed by GA and many states to address non-point source pollution as mandated by the Clean Water Act |
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