Term
|
Definition
| forms from magma, such as granite |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed from sediment, such as sandstone and shale |
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|
Term
| New crust is created from... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Appalachians are how old? |
|
Definition
| about 300 million yrs old |
|
|
Term
| What caused the granite outcrops in Georgia? |
|
Definition
| N. America and Africa colliding |
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|
Term
| Coastal Plain is part of... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| edge of continental shelf is where? |
|
Definition
50 miles off GA coast
artifacts have been found there |
|
|
Term
| what happens to sediments? |
|
Definition
| become consolidated (hardening under pressure w/ cementing agents) to form sedimentary rock |
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|
Term
| We know the geologic details of only the last... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| continents are composed of less dense rocks that are high in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what formed the coal deposits of KY, TN, N.GA, and AL? |
|
Definition
| dense, swampy forests during the Carboniferous Period (beginning 375 million years ago) |
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|
Term
| the Piedmont was part of the Appalachians ______ years ago. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| big difference between the Piedmont and the foothills of Kentucky |
|
Definition
| the foothills of KY are developed on limestone, which weathers easily |
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Term
|
Definition
landscape caused by dissolving of easily soluble rocks such as limestone
caves and underground rivers very common in this type of topography |
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Term
|
Definition
| wind blown; refers to beach deposits |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| land area within the boundaries of which all water drains to a single point |
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Term
| rivers in GA that pour into the Atlantic |
|
Definition
-Savannah
-Ogeechee
-Altamaha |
|
|
Term
| What did the rivers on the Fall Line (Sand Hills) provide for early settlers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are water and soil so important? |
|
Definition
| it's the foundation of everything else in our world |
|
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Term
| scale of a map, such as 1:10 |
|
Definition
| 1 inch on map is 10 inches in reality |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| shows locations of different soil types in the landscape |
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|
Term
| on a soil map, how much of the land will be the designated soil type? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most fundamental, observable property of any landscape |
|
Definition
| the relief, or topography |
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|
Term
| meaning of C in soil science |
|
Definition
| saprolite or parent material in the soil |
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Term
|
Definition
-soil type
-certain sequence of layers/horizons w/ certain properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic matter from plant remains |
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|
Term
| What causes the Fe minerals to turn gray in alluvial soils? |
|
Definition
| lack of oxygen due to poor drainage |
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Term
|
Definition
| naturally occurring compounds w/ distinctive physical properties and more or less fixed chemical composition |
|
|
Term
| igneous rocks are composed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are composed of... |
|
Definition
| mix of primary and secondary minerals |
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Term
|
Definition
| form from the weathering of primary minerals; form in soil itself or in geologic weathering environments |
|
|
Term
| Why are soil surveys and the soil survey booklet useful? |
|
Definition
| because properties of the soil determine its potential use for ag, forestry, and urban uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-its distribution of different particle sizes
-refers to the particle size of the soil
-how much coarse (sand) vs. fine (silt, clay) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| may be bright, such as yellow or red due to oxidized iron or dull gray due to reduced iron |
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|
Term
| how to texture a soil sample |
|
Definition
1: get golf ball sized soil sample
2: make sure it's moist but not too wet
3: knead the soil between your thumb and your fingers |
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Term
|
Definition
| blotches within a soil layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| series of standardized color chips in booklet to describe soil color |
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Term
|
Definition
| the main or background soil in a sample of soil |
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|
Term
| orientation of valleys and ridges in Valley and Ridge |
|
Definition
| NE to SWis sandstone resistant to weathering? |
|
|
Term
| is sandstone resistant to weathering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is shale resistant to weathering? |
|
Definition
| no; weak and weathers easily |
|
|
Term
| can limestone be fossiliferous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upland and bottomland: which one is residual? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upland and bottomland: which one is alluvial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface water and ground waterare connected via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particle size of soil material |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tillage; not naturally occurring |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when can a root go into a rock? |
|
Definition
| any time a crack forms; helps break it up |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| there's innate balance in all chemical rxns; rxns seek e'librium |
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|
Term
| due to redox, we can predict soil color based on... |
|
Definition
wetness
higher soil tends to be red and lower ground tends to be yellow |
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|
Term
| color of Coastal Plain soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| even something that's insoluble is soluble to a small degree |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediment brought by glaciers; glacial parent material |
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Term
|
Definition
-"real soil"
-A, E, and B horizons |
|
|
Term
| N. GA: residual or depositional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. GA: residual or depositional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in lab, the A horizon is either... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phys and chem alteration of rock into parent material |
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Term
|
Definition
| weathered rock from which soil forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rock weathers into parent material and other processes turn that parent material into soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves e- transfer that causes change in the valence state of an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is oxygen gas a good oxidizing agent? |
|
Definition
| because it's an e- acceptor |
|
|
Term
| Why are soils that form on limestones often deep? |
|
Definition
| because calcite often dissolves rather rapidly in its solution rxn |
|
|
Term
| major mineral in limestone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
doesn't weather appreciably
secondary minerals are stable |
|
|
Term
| sandstones form ______ soils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Sand Hills region of GA is dominated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical section of soil showing all the horizons present |
|
|
Term
| Why does translocation take place? |
|
Definition
| large amounts of water move thru the soil profile over time; this percolating water transports fine clay particles from A and E horizons to B horizon |
|
|
Term
| Why are tropical landscapes often old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant matter adds acid to soil? |
|
Definition
| pine needles; low in bases and high in organic acids |
|
|
Term
| today's soil taxonomy is bades on... |
|
Definition
| morphology (properties, horizons, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -smallest unit of soil iin the field that expresses all the variations in horizons, properties, etc.
-usually about 1m2 in area |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| term often used for gray mottles, since it's due to reduction from Fe+3 to Fe+2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes horizons specifically affected by illuviation/elluviation, that is, A, E, and B; this is actually soil, where material below technically isn't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weathered parent material, within C horizon, material that has weathered in place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space between sheets of 2:1 clay minerals |
|
|
Term
| origin of permanent charge |
|
Definition
| clay minerals have permanent negative charge due to isomorphous substitution; affects charge, not structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one cation being replaced by another due to being able to to fit into that space
-causes permanent negative charge
-occurs in clay minerals
-only 1 out of every few thousand positions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydrolysis of feldspars or micas
both 1:1 and 2:1 do this |
|
|
Term
| over time, 2:1's weather to this, which is the most stable clay mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get their charge from the gain or loss of protons on certain function groups on their surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-acid that coompletely dissociates in water, such as HCl
-goes all the way to the right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-only partially dissociates in water, such as acetic acid dissociating into acetate and protons
-goes both ways depending on conditions in solution |
|
|
Term
| amount of dissociation determined by... |
|
Definition
-e'librium constant (K) of rxn
-specific for each type of acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-negative log of K
-tells you how this rxn goes as a function of pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Fe oxides and humus surfaces act |
|
Definition
| about the same as weak acids do |
|
|
Term
| the wimpiest clay mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deprotination leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| backbone of humus contains... |
|
Definition
| aromatic and aliphatic C chains polymerized together into a long chain, high molecular weight compound of variable composition |
|
|
Term
| What gets attatched to the backbone of humus? |
|
Definition
| function groups similar to proteins |
|
|
Term
| how functional groups on humus act |
|
Definition
-as weak acids or bases
-can protenate or deprotenate based on the surrounding soil pH |
|
|
Term
| most numerous and most important functional groups in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why carboxylic groups are important in soil |
|
Definition
-w/ pK≈3, they highly dissociate at most soil pH (which might range from 5-8)
-produces lots of negative cgharge |
|
|
Term
| When do alcohols dissociate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amine groups do this in soil. |
|
Definition
| adsorb H+ to become positive, but only at quite acid pH |
|
|
Term
| state of oxides and humus at normal soil pH |
|
Definition
-oxides more positive
-humus more negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some major functional groups in soil |
|
Definition
-carboxylic acid
-alcohol
-amine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R-COOH
dissociates at pH>3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| R-NH3+
releases proton when pH>4 |
|
|
Term
| how soil charge is balanced |
|
Definition
| by dissolved salts w/ ions of opposite charge |
|
|
Term
| why ions in coil are often called exchangeable ions |
|
Definition
| they can be easily replaced (exchanged) by other ions in the soil solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cations being exchanged on a negative colloid surface |
|
|
Term
| cation exchange capacity (CEC) |
|
Definition
| total # of cation charges that can be retained or exchanged on a given amount of soil; same as the # of negative charges on soil colloids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -nitrate (NO3-)
-phosphate (PO4-3) |
|
|
Term
| how to express CEC and AEC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-varies w/ pH
-at pH 5, it's 100meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only about 10-20 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
| soil exchange capacity depends on... |
|
Definition
-amount and type of clay mineral
-the Fe and humus components
-pH |
|
|
Term
| how CEC affects amount of fertilizer |
|
Definition
low CEC, more fert needed
high CEC, less fert needed |
|
|
Term
| Why is Al3+ considered acidic? |
|
Definition
| may hydrolyze in solution to form acidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BS<50%, which gets pretty tough for plant roots |
|
|
Term
| Al does this regarding Ca uptake |
|
Definition
| Al interferes with Ca uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adding lime to soil to neutralize acid and Al
adds Ca2+ to soil |
|
|
Term
| what part of soil has high CEC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchangeable sodium percentage |
|
|
Term
| At this ESP, soil structure suffers and there's bad tilth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| red and yellow soil caused by... |
|
Definition
| oxidized Fe+3 in B horizon; well drained |
|
|
Term
| why are pesticides often charged? |
|
Definition
| presence of organic functional groups within their structures |
|
|
Term
| Why do pesticide rates have to be adjusted based on the soil type? |
|
Definition
| adsorption onto CEC or AEC sites reduces the effectiveness of pesticides |
|
|
Term
| Why do some pollutants, like solvents and petroleum, strongly adsorb to humus? |
|
Definition
| they're hydrophobic and humus is somewhat hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contaminants such as Hg2+, Pb+2, and Cd2+
can be taken up by plants, entering the food chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| floating device that measures density of liquid |
|
|
Term
| the big issue w/ measuring bulk density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is needed fr infiltration to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to identify minerals in sand fraction of soil |
|
Definition
| looking at the color and shape of the grains under the microscope |
|
|
Term
| sandstone is formed from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of remelted igneous or sedimentary rocks, often caused by collision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metamorphism due to contact with or proximity to igneous intrusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metamorphism over an extensive area due to heat and/or pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one plate sliding under another |
|
|
Term
| Cumberland Plateau formed from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did N. America na dAfrica collide? |
|
Definition
-about 300million years ago
-Pennsylvanian |
|
|
Term
| Coastal Plain is made of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of land area, characterized by topography, geology, geologic history, soil type, climate, and hydrologic conditions |
|
|
Term
| Earth's core composed of... |
|
Definition
| dense, molten mix of iron and nickel |
|
|
Term
| Where in GA are there thick layers of limestone that contain fossils such as trilobites and brachiopods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Ordovician times (450 million years ago), what occupied N. GA and extended up the coast to New England? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the water table outcrops to the surface |
|
|
Term
| Where in GA does the water flow into the Tennessee Valley? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What rivers in GA pour into the Gulf of Mex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much energy from the Sn hits the Earth on average? |
|
Definition
| about 400 calories per day |
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|
