Term
| What is the normal plasma concentrations for Na and K? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two principal aspects of sodium homeostasis? |
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Definition
1) Overall sodium balance - amount of sodium taken in compared to the amount excreted
2) Water balance |
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Term
| What are the main sources of sodium intake? |
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Definition
1) diet
2) intravenous administration |
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Term
| What are the major mechanisms for control of sodium balance? |
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Definition
1) aldosterone action on kidney
2) changes in GFR
3) naturetic factor |
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Term
| Body water compartment percentages of fluid |
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Definition
1) plasma volume - 4.5%
2) interstitial fluid - 16%
3) Intracellular fluid - 40%
4) extracellular fluid - 20% |
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Term
| What is the equation to approximate serum osmolality? What is normal? |
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Definition
[2(Na+K)] + (BUN/2.8) + (Glucose/18)
Normal gap is <20 |
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Term
| What are the major mechanisms for altering water balance in the body? |
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Definition
1) Pituitary release of ADH
2) Thirst |
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Term
| What are the three causes of hyponatremia? |
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Definition
1) Sodium loss in excess of water
2) Water taken in excess of Sodium
3) SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone) |
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Term
| What are the causes of Hypernatriemia? |
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Definition
1) Water loss in excess of Sodium (Hypertonic volume loss)
2) Sodium taken in excess of water
3) Insufficient renal water conservation (Diabetes Insipidus) |
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Term
| Where is the majority of body potasium found? |
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Definition
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Term
| factors causing intracellular shift of potasium (4) |
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Definition
1) systemic alkalosis
2) Insulin (allows for K+ to be taken into cell)
3) Catecholamines
4) Steroid hormone |
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Term
| factors causing extracellular shift of potasium (4) |
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Definition
1) systemic acidosis
2) hyperglycemia
3) b-blocking drugs
4) Addison's disease |
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Term
| At what potassium level requires urgent treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperkalemia is typically a result of? |
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Definition
| Diminished renal excretion |
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Term
| What is the EKG progression for hperkalemia? |
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Definition
1) early T-wave peaking
2) lengthening of Q-T interval
3) decreased amplitude/widening of QRS
4) disappearance of P waves
5) sine wave
6) cardiac asystole |
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Term
| Treatment options for hypercalemia |
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Definition
1) inhaled albuterol
2) IV calcium
3) IV glucose and insulin
4) sodium bicarb
5) oral Na-K exchange resins |
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