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socy ch. 5
final exam
42
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
03/04/2009

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Term
Social Interaction
Definition
The ways in which people respond to one another.
Term
Social Structure
Definition
The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
Term
Status
Definition
A term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.
Term
Ascribed Status
Definition
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
Term
Achieved Status
Definition
A social position that is within our power to change.
Term
Master Status
Definition
A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.
Term
Social Role
Definition
A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status.
Term
Role Conflict
Definition
The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.
Term
Role Strain
Definition
The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
Term
Role Exit
Definition
The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
Term
Group
Definition
Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.
Term
Primary Group
Definition
A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
Term
Secondary Group
Definition
A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding.
Term
In-Group
Definition
Any group or category to which people feel they belong.
Term
Out-Group
Definition
Any Group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
Term
Reference Group
Definition
Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
Term
Coalition
Definition
A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal.
Term
Social Network
Definition
A series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others and through them indirectly to still more people.
Term
Avatar
Definition
A person's online representation as a character, whether in the form of 2-D or 3-D image or simply through text.
Term
Social Institution
Definition
An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on the basic social needs.
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
A component of formal organizations that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.
Term
Ideal Type
Definition
A construct or model for evaluating specific cases.
Term
Alienation
Definition
Loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers.
Term
Trained Incapacity
Definition
The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice potential problems.
Term
Goal Displacement
Definition
Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy.
Term
Peter Principle
Definition
A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends top rise to his or her own level of incompetence.
Term
Bureaucratization
Definition
The process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency.
Term
McDonaldization
Definition
The process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making, in the Unites States and around the world.
Term
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Definition
A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals.
Term
Classical Theory of Formal Organizations
Definition
An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivates almost entirely by economic rewards.
Term
Scientific Management Approach
Definition
Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations.
Term
Human Relations Approach
Definition
An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization.
Term
Gemeinschaft
Definition
A close knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members.
Term
Gesellschaft
Definition
A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values.
Term
Mechanical Solidarity
Definition
Social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change.
Term
Organic Solidarity
Definition
A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristics of societies with a complex division of labor.
Term
Hunting-and-Gathering Society
Definition
A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive.
Term
Horticultural Society
Definition
A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods.
Term
Agrarian Society
Definition
The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but they increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow.
Term
Industrial Society
Definition
A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services.
Term
Postindustrial Society
Definition
A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information.
Term
Postmodern Society
Definition
A technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society.
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