Term
| Weber's three types of authority |
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Definition
1. Traditional - based on custom
2. Rational - based on written rules that are reasonable and part of law.
3. Charismatic - based on a single leader's ability to attract followers. |
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Term
| Characterisitics of Nation-states |
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Definition
1. Sovereignty
2. Citizenship
3. Nationalism |
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Term
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Definition
1. Civil Rights - rights of the individual in law.
2. Political Rights - rights to participate in gov't.
3. Social Rights - right of individuals to enjoy a minimum standard of economic welfare and security. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Monarchies
2. Oligarchies
3. Dictatorships
4. Democracies |
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Term
| Why have liberal Democracies spread so rapidly since 1989? |
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Definition
1. democracy is associated with capitalism which is seen as wealth-generating.
2. The more social activity becomes globalized, the more they start to push for info about how they are ruled. |
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Term
| Voting patterns in the U.S. |
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Definition
1. Voter turn-out has declined since 1960's
2. It is highest among whites.
3. It is lowest among hispanics.
4. Older population is more likely to vote.
5. People feel that the winner-take-all system is discouraging.
6. Voting is not convenient. |
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Term
Who rules the U.S.?
according to democratic elitism |
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Definition
| In large scale societies, democratic participation is necessarily limited to the regular election of political leaders. |
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Term
Who rules the U.S.?
according to pluralists |
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Definition
| Individual citizens can have little or no direct influence on political decision making. But they argue that tendencies toward the centralization of power in the hands of gov't officials are limited by the presence of interest groups. Competing interest groups or factions are vital to democracy because they divide up power, reducing the exclusive influence of any one group or class. |
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Term
Who rules the U.S.?
according to the power elite theory |
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Definition
| Due to the centralization of government, business, and the military, the leaders in power are few and often have the same interests and know each other on a personal basis. They are often white anglo-saxon protestants (WASPs). |
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Term
| What are the theories on why social movements occur? |
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Definition
1. Economic Deprivation - when the balance of economic welfare is off, there is a struggle between classes.
2. Resource Mobilizatoin - an in depth analysis of economic deprivation, with four components of collective action
- Organization
- Mobilization
- Common Interests
- Opportunity
3. Fields of Action - explains that movements are more frequent today because modern society is now aware that movements can produce change, and that movements form from rational objectives. |
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Term
| What are the four categories of social movements? |
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Definition
1. Alternative - target individuals, alter specific behaviors.
2. Redemptive - target individuals, change the whole person.
3. Reformative - Targets society as a whole, alters specific behaviors.
4. Transformative - Targets society as a whole, alters society as a whole (revolution). |
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Term
| Why do people join social movements? |
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Definition
| economic deprivation, no means of having voices heard, direct oppression from the state, structural strain |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic transactions carried on outside of the sphere of orthodox paid employment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The specialization of work tasks, by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system. All societies have at least some rudimentary from of division of labor, especially between the tasks allocated to men and those performed by women. |
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Term
| Why is having a job important to people? |
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Definition
1. Money
2. Activity Level
3. Variety
4. Temporal Structure (a sense of time)
5. Social Contacts
6. Personal Identity |
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Term
Taylorism:
what is it?
What are its consequences? |
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Definition
A set of ideas, a.k.a "scientific management," involving simple, coorinated operations in industry. Focused on placing knowledge in the hands of management rather than the craft worker.
associated with the deskilling and degradation of labor. |
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Term
Fordism:
What is it?
What are its consequences? |
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Definition
the system of mass production tied to the cultivation of mass markets. Also a historical period in the development of post-World War II capitalism.
associated with stability in labor relations and a high degree of unionization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organization or work setting in which individuals are permitted a great deal of autonomy and control over the work task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizational or work settings in which people are allowed little responsibility for, or control over, the work task. |
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Term
Capitalism:
what are its features and criticisms? |
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Definition
1. Private ownership of the means of production
2. Profit as incentive
3. free competition for markets to sell goods , acquire cheap materials, and use cheap labor
4. Restless expansion and investment to accumulate capital.
CRITICISMS:
1. Leads to social inequality
2. People at the top have a large amount of power. |
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Term
| Types/Stages of Corporate Capitalism |
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Definition
- Family Capitalism: large firms run by individual entrepreneurs or by members of the same family and then passed on to their descendancts.
- Managerial: displace the entrepreneurial families with the growth of large firms
- Welfare: sought to make the corporation the primary shelter from the uncertainties of the market in modern industrial life
- Institutional: consolidated network of business leadership concerned with the development of corporate power |
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Term
Socialism:
what are the features and criticisms? |
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Definition
FEATURES:
1. Profit is immoral
2. Gov't should own the means of production, to protect people and meet needs.
CRITICISMS:
1. Does not respect individual rights
2. Central palnning is inefficient and can't produce much wealth. |
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Term
| What are the factors in the increase of transnational corporations? |
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Definition
1. Advances in transport and communication
2. Technological innovations
- containerization: you can load a tractor-trailer container at the manufacturer, ship it across seas, put in on a train, put it in a truck, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic decline in the industrial base - due to the globalization of the world economy. |
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Term
Unionization:
why is there a decline? |
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Definition
1. The decline of the manufacturing industry and the rise of the service sector.
2. Recession
3. High levels of unemployment
4. International competition
5. Rise of rightist governments |
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Term
Monogamy vs. Polygamy
what are the sub-forms |
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Definition
Monogomy: one man and one woman.
Polygamy: allows a husband OR wife to have more than one spouse.
- Polygyny: a man may be married to more than one woman.
- Polyandry: a woman may be married to more than one man. |
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Term
| What is the Functionalist perspective on family life? |
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Definition
| The family performs important tasks that contribute to society's basic needs and helps perpetuate social order. |
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Term
| What is the conflict/feminist perspective on family life? |
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Definition
| Direct attention inside families to examine the experiences of women in the domestic sphere. Point out that certain family members seem to benefit more than others. |
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Term
| What is the Symbolic Interactionist perspective on family life? |
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Definition
| Family can be viewed as a unity of interacting personalities, roles and selves are shaped and each personality affects every other personality. The person least interest has the most power in the relationship. |
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Term
| Racial/ethnic variations in families |
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Definition
Asian - family concerns are always put ahead of individual concerns
Native American - high rates of intermarriage diminish the Native American value of kinship
Latino - Multi-generational households with a high birth-rate. Prefer the breadwinner-homemaker but usually cannot due to financial constraint.
African American - more likely to have children outside of marriage |
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Term
| What are the marriage trends in the U.S.? |
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Definition
1. Postponing marriage
2. cohabitation
3. The sandwich generation
4. Staying single |
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Term
| What are the cohabitation trends in the U.S.? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A generation that has the responsibility of taking care of their young children and elderly parents at the same time. |
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Term
| Why have divorce rates risen since the 1960's? |
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Definition
1. Relaxation of dissaproval
2. More easily available
3. Marriage is less of necessity to women.
4. Growing value of personal satisfaction from marriage
5. Parental divorce
6. Premarital cohabitation
7. Premarital childbearing
8. Marriage at an early age
9. A childless marriage
10. low incomes |
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Term
| What is the relation between income in post-divorce situations? |
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Definition
| Men's income rises, and women's decreases. |
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Term
| What are the effects of step-parenting on children? |
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Definition
1. visitation constraints may cause problems in step-parent bonding.
2. clashes of habits and outlooks.
3. no pre-existing norms to follow. |
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Term
| Why is mass media important? |
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Definition
| it is the means of access to the knowledge on which many social acitivities depend, like voting. |
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Term
| McLuhan theory on media and society |
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Definition
| "The medium is the message" - the medium is more significant than the message. |
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Term
| Habermas theory on media and society |
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Definition
1.Mass media causes the public sphere to be a sham.
2. Public opinion is manipulated |
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Term
| Baudrillard theory on media and society |
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Definition
1.In an age where the mass media is everywhere HYPER-REALITY is created
2. Peoples behavior and media become intermingled |
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Term
| Thompson theory on media and society |
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Definition
1. Mass media have created a new form of social interaction - mediated quasi-interaction
2. Mass media change the balance between public and private in our lives |
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Term
| Media Imperialism theory on media and society |
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Definition
1. World information order
2. the ability of the US to disseminate western values through the dominance of Hollywood and American television and through the agenda of western news organizations |
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Term
| The impact of the Internet |
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Definition
1. New channels for communication and interaction
2. Blurring the boundaries between the global and the local
3. New opportunities to explore the social world
4. Threatens to undermine human relationships and communities
5. Formation of new relationships
6. Less time interacting in the physical world
7. Increased social isolation and atomization
8. Less quality time with friends and families |
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Term
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Definition
| The people who have little or no access to information technology such as computers. |
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Term
| What is the likely outcome as the global economy becomes more knowledge-based? |
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Definition
1. More people will become portfolio workers (different jobs skills/credentials)
2. Replacement of full time workers by part time workers
3. Promotes feelings of nationalism and aided the development of national societies.
4. Demands for higher credentials which require higher levels of education (reinforces the class structure)
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Term
| what are the key factors of the origin and development of cities? |
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Definition
1. Industrialization
2. Developing world societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities |
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Term
| What are the models of urban growth? |
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Definition
Metropolis - a central city surrounded by large suburbs that have become known as the same city or place.
Conurbation - a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network.
Megalopolis - the peak of urban life, the "city of cities." |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to the study of urban life based on an analogy with the adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment. According to ecological theorists, the various neighborhoods and zones within cities are formed as a result of natural processes of adjustment on the part of populations as they compete for resources. |
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Term
| Wirth's "Urbanism as a Way of Life" |
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Definition
Denotes distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality.
******************************* |
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Term
| Harvey's "Created Environment" |
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Definition
| Constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, derived from the use of man-made technology - including roads, railways, factories, etc. |
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Term
| What do both Harvey and Castells stress about cities? |
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Definition
| The spatial form of a society is closly linked to the overall mechanisms of its development. |
|
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Term
| what are John Logan and Harvey Molotch's key factors of structuring modern city neighborhoods? |
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Definition
| The markets that structure the city environments how different groups of people want to use the property they buy and sell. |
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Term
| Gans' categories/types of urban dwellers |
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Definition
Cosmopolites - students, intelectuals, artists, musicians, there for the access to culture.
Singles - young, unmarried, there for the access to nightlife and other singles
Ethnic Villagers - like china town
Deprived - Very poor, mentally ill, emotionally disturbed, higher crime rates/acts
Trapped - can't afford to leave despite wnating to. |
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Term
Suburbanization:
what is it?
what makes it possible?
what are the effects? |
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Definition
- Massive development and inhabiting of towns surrounding a city.
- as people move out of the cities, jobs and businesses follow
- Creation of ghettos
- As suburbs age, they tend to mirror the cities |
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Term
| what are the reasons for the decline of inner cities? |
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Definition
- Redlining
- Deindustrialization
- Movement of middle class to the suburbs |
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Term
| what are Wilson's views on the changes of inner cities into ghettos? |
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Definition
- stems from the structural transformation of the inner city economy
- loss of jobs |
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Term
| how has globalization affected migration patterns of Americans? |
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Definition
- changed the financial infrastructure so investors could put their money anywhere, not just in America
- Business are able to move their production sites
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