the physical or tangible products of a society (artifacts)

i.e. houses

tools

, TV

dishes

cars

Discrimination or uneasy feeling that occurs when exposed to cultural variation (be it new or a sub culture)

"fish out of water"

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Sapir Whorf

combines knowledge and materials to use toward the task of living

not necessarily technlgcl advancement

the "Should/Shouldn't"

socially shared ideas about what's good right and desireable

"Basic"

taken for granted values

i.e. cleanliness, norm: wash hands

i.e. honesty, also a norm

the "Do' and Don't" rules of conduct

establish pattern of behavior

form 1- Folkways

form 2- More's

are Norms governing everday interaction; ordinary & general standards of behavior

violations get you dirty looks, raised eyebrows but no civil disciplining (citations or jail)

<informal>

are strongly held Norms which have acquired a sense of necessity and moral significance, must be followed, dictate we act out of a sense of duty and obligation to others

violations bring strong negative reaction/punishment (formal sanctions) seen as a threat to social order

<formal>

the violation of a widely agreed upon NORM; non-comformity to NORMS (socially disapproved behavior)

is "relative"

written by Durkheim

Deviance can be useful to society

-clarifications of norms and moral boundaries helps define limits of social tolerance.

-enhance social solidarity

-promotes unity by binding

-may lead to social change, indicating problems with rules  

Rosa Parks

Stonewall

Functionalist

- strain theory (Merdon)

- control theory (Hirsch)

Conflict

- Elite Deviance

Symbolic Interactionist

- Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)

- labeling theory

an automatic response to a stimulus

i.e blinking

gagging

startled by loud noise

organic impulse

pleasure

avoid discomfort

i.e.food

sex

sleep

developed by Paget - psychology

focuses on how we learn to think, the reason our cognitive  skills develop. Four stage process- child cognive:

1- Sensory Motor (birth to 2 yrs old)

2- Pre-Operational (2 to 7 yrs old)

3- Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 year olds)

4- Formal operational (no earlier than 12)

- Charles H. Cooley (1864-9129)

We see ourselves as we think other people see us; we use the action of others as a mirror to see ourselves.

1- We imagine our own appearance

2- We interpret other reactions to us

3- We develop a self concept

- some people are more signficant than others in their approval

developed by Georget Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

-Cooley's student

Play is critical to identity and construction and development of self.

In play we learn to take the role of others

Three stages of Role Taking

-Herbert Mead

"Theory of the self & Generalized other"

1- Imitation; mimic no sense of self

2- Play; Pretend to be other people

3- Games; organized play, take multiple roles ft one time

through "they" we develop "self" 

Two components of the "social self" at game play

-Mead

"I" is spontaneous, Impulsive, Active part of the self

-pleasure seeking/pain avoiding

- innate related to our drives

"Me" is conforming controlled predictable

- develop through socialization

- acts as a retraint on the "I"

Stable clusters that have the greatest influence in passing on society's expectations.

1- Family

2- Schools

3- Peers

4- the Media

5- Religion

Agent of Socialization

1- Family

Earliest socialization (primary in terms of first)

-emotional bonding

- toilet training

- eating

-manners

first gender socialization (mom, dad)

Agent of Socialization

2- Schools

-academic skills: writing, arithmetic, etc

-obey non-relative authority figures

- part of a crowd

- evaluated through standard criteria

-begin to become independent of family

Agent of Socialization

3- Peers

-strongest agent of socialization during adolescence

-we choose our friends

-equality in relationships

- no specific goals, no adult authority figure

-incl. neighbors, coworkers as we get older.

Agent of Socialization

4- the Media

-very powerful agency

-pop culture (new and current events)

-consumerism

-reflects and stimultaes trends

-public opinion

Agent of Socialization

5- Religion

-values and morales

-could also have influenced to stop believing

-varying degrees on how religion influenced individual socialization.

1- Primary Socialization

2- Anticipatory Socialization

3- Reverse Socialization

4- Resocialization

5- Erving Goffman Total Institution 

Isolated types of Socialization

1-Primary Socialization

learning something for the very first time

-toilet

-brush teeth

-language

-1st sexual experience

-swimming

-learn to play an instrument

-driving

Isolated types of Socialization

2- Anticipatory Socialization

learning skills to be used in a status that you will hold (or a role you will play) in the future

-job training

-student teaching

babysitting

Isolated types of Socialization

3- Reverse Socialization

younger generation transmits knowledge to older generation

-child teaches parent computer

-immigrant children teaching parents english

-teachers learning from students

Isolated types of Socialization

4- Resocialization

unlearning an old way and learning a new way to do something

-moving to another society/ culture

-army bootcamp

-entering prison subculture

Isolated types of Socialization

5- Erving Goffman Total Institution 

a place where people come under the control of others

-staff supervised, no personal freedom where life is directed by others

-rigid routnes

formal rules

-Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

-compared social interaction to a drama (actors audiences and props)

-His Social World was a stage and individuals were actors and audiences

-Face work

-Impression management

Dramaturgical Perspective

-Impression management

attempt to control the impression we present to others,as if we are now our own advertising agents

-desire to be viewed in a favorable way

area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions

<formal>

away from an audience

-mostly informal and less concerned (relaxed)

patterns and webs of relations that bind societies and add order and predictability to our lives

-Institutions

-structure of society

a position in society, inicates place in society, aids in social  interaction 

i.e. mother

student

athlete, etc

one "occupies" a _______

one we chose or learned

-marital status

-husband

-wife

-father

-single

-divorce

-catholic, etc

the doing (or performance) of a role

-involves a s et of expecatations, behaviors assocuated with a particular status

one "plays" a ______ based on NORMS

Primary Group

Secondary Group

Referebce group

small informal group

common interest

endure overtime

frequent interaction

personal relationship

emottonal depth

perform wide range of activity

expressive

formal group established for a practical purpose

-formed to achieve a practical goal

-goal orientation

-limited face-to-face ineraction

-few if any emotional ties

-perform narrow range of activities

-instrumental

groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves as a source of standards and identity, this conceptual group consists of:

-family members

-church members

-fellow employees

-cliques

-groups we don't want to be associated with

-amateur vs proffessional

sense of belonging and loyalty

-superior

-obey authority within

-trust and cooperate

-Heterogeneity (recognize the difference among members) 

no sense of belonging

disloyal

opposition

Travis Hirschi