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| Type of suicide that occurs where ties to the group or community are considered more important than individual identity |
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| Type of suicide that occurs when the structure of society is weakened or disrupted and people feel hopeless and disillusioned |
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| research technique that compares existing official statistics and historical records across groups to test a theory about some social phenomenon |
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| Type of suicide that occurs in settings where the individual is emphasized over group or community connections |
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| individualistic explanation |
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| Tendency to attribute people's achievements and failures to their personal qualities |
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| Ability to see the impact of social forces on our private lives |
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| The systematic study of human societies |
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| social position acquired through our own efforts or accomplishments or taken on voluntarily |
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| ascribed status social position acquired at birth or taken on involuntarily later in life |
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subgroup of a triad, formed when two members unite against the third member
is not limited to just a triad... |
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| theoretical perspective that views the structure of society as a source of inequality, that always benefits some groups at the expense of other groups |
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| language, values, beliefs, rules, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a society |
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| group consisting of two people |
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| theoretical perspective that focuses on gender as the most important source of conflict and inequality in social life |
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| process through which people's lives all around the world become economically, politically, environmentally, and culturally interconnected |
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| set of people who interact more or less regularly and who are conscious of their identity as a unit |
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| unintended, unrecognised consequences of activities that help some part of the social system |
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| way of examining human life that focuses on the broad social forces and structural features of society that exist above the level of individual people |
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| intended, obvious consequences of activities designed to help some part of the social system |
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| way of examining human life that focuses on the immediate, everyday experiences of individuals |
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| culturally defined standard or rule of conduct |
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| large, complex, network of position, created for specific purpose and characterized by a hierarchical division of labor |
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| collection of individuals who are together over a relatively long period, whose members have direct contact with and feel emotional attachment to one another |
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| set of expectations-rights, obligations, behaviors, duties-associated with a particular status |
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| frustration people feel when the demands of one role they are expected to fulfill clash with the demands of another role |
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| relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a specific task |
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| stable set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations-such as the institution of education, family, politics, religion, health care, or the economy- that provides a foundation for the behavior in some major area of social life |
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| population of people living in the same geographic area who share a culture and a common identity and whose members fall under the same political authority |
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| any named social position that people can occupy |
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| structural-functionalist perspective |
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| theoretical perspective that social posits that social institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society |
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| something used to represent or stand for something else |
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| theoretical perspective that explains society and social structure through an examination of the micro-level, personal, day-to-day exchanges of people as individuals, pairs, or groups |
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| group consisting of three people |
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| standard of judgement by which people decide on desirable goals and outcomes |
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| analysis of existing data |
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| type of unobtrusive research that relies on data gathered earlier by someone else for some other purpose |
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| form of unobtrusive research that studies the content of recorded messages, such as books, speeches, poems, songs, television shows, web sites, and advertisements |
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| variable that is assumed to be caused by, or to change as a result of, the independent variable |
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| research that operates from the ideological position that questions about human behavior can be answered only through controlled, systematic observations in the real world |
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| research method designed to elicit some sort of behavior, typically conducted under closely controlled laboratory circumstances |
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| type of social research in which the researcher observes events as they actually occur |
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| form of social research that relies on existing historical documents as a source of data |
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| researchable prediction that specifies the relationship between two or more variables |
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| unquestioned cultural belief that cannot be proved wrong no matter what happens to dispute it |
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| variable presumed to cause or influence the dependent variable |
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| measurable event, characteristic, or behavior commonly thought to reflect a particular concept |
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| groups that work to have their moral concerns translated into law |
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| nonparticipant observation |
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| form of field research in which the researcher observes people without directly interacting with them and without letting them know that they are being observed |
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| form of field research in which the researcher interacts with subjects, sometimes hiding his or her identity |
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| capable of identifying only those forces that have a high likelihood, but not a certainty, of influencing human action |
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| sociological research based on nonnumerical information (text, written words, phrases, symbols, observations) that describes people, actions, or events in social life |
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| sociological research based on the collection of numerical data that uses precise statistical analysis |
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| a problem associated with certain forms of research in which the very act of intruding into people's lives may influence the phenomenon being studied |
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| typical of the whole population being studied |
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| subgroup chosen for a study because its characteristics approximate those of the entire population |
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| assumption or prediction that in itself causes the expected event to occur, thus seeming to confirm the prophecy's accuracy |
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| social construction of reality |
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| process through which the members of a society discover, make known, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of facts, knowledge, and "truth" |
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| a false association between two variables that is actually due to the effect of some third variable |
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| form of social research in which the researcher asks subjects a series of questions, either verbally or on paper |
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| set of statements or proposition that seeks to explain or predict a particular aspect of social life |
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| research technique in which the researcher, without direct contact with the subjects, examines the evidence of social behavior that people create or leave behind |
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| any characteristic, attitude, behavior, or event that can take on two or more values or attributes |
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| method of studying society that uses photographs, video, and film either as a means of gathering data or as sources of data about social life |
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| group that actively opposes the values and behavior patterns of the dominant culture |
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| the principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture |
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| tendency to judge other cultures using one;s own as a standard |
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| informal norm that is mildly punished when violated |
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| culture in which hetero-sexuality is accepted as the normal, taken-for-granted mode of sexual expression |
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| pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely accepted in a society |
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| individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous |
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| artifacts of a society, which represent adaptations to the social and physical environment |
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| highly codified, formal, systematized norm that brings severe punishment when violated |
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| knowledge, belief, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others |
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| social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm |
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| belief that two biological sex categories, male and female, are permanent, universal, exhaustive, and mutually exclusive |
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| set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitles to when sick |
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| values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguishes its members from the larger culture |
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| people who identify with a different sex and sometimes undergo hormone treatment and surgery to change their sex |
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