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| addiction-prone personality; lack of goals, interests, and emotional expression predisposes one to drug use and addiction. for the most part unsupported. There is no one personality, but rather several personality characteristics that appear to predispose an individual to addiction: low self-esteem, inability to trust, higher than normal need for stimulation seeking. (perilously close to the behaviors they're describing making it discredible also) |
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| unconditioned stimulus such as a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, food, drugs. |
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| differential reinforcement |
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| specific mechanisms through which learning occurs. (Akers) also, suggests behavior is reinforced through reward and punishment. The individuals and groups with whom we interact control the reinforcement we receive. |
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| individuals engage in behaviors that are positively rewarded and avoid those that produce negative consequences. |
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| an explanation for the relationship between two or more phenomena written in such a way that it can be falsified with empirical evidence. |
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| observed; either through one of the five natural senses- touch, smell, sight, hearing, or taste- or with the use of special instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, seismographs, or survey questionaires. |
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| suggest that initial drug use and drug addiction result from an intrinsic character of human nature itself. (often controversial and unpopular in academic circles as human nature is difficult to conceptionalize, it is difficult to put to empirical tests) earliest ideas had strong moral overtones. |
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| Natural theory: the desire to alter consciousness is universal. |
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| suggest that people become addicted to chemical substances because of particular biological predispositions. (Detoxification methods developed through these ideas) Classified as either neurochemical or genetic in nature |
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| Neurochemical Explainations |
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| identifies neurotransmission (particularly dopamine system) as the biological source of addiction. Endorphins discovered because of opiates (Dole and Nyswander) Difference between narcotics (imitate endorphins) and stimulants (block dopamine reabsorption) |
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| Based largely on epidemiological studies, four broad types of epidemiological studies assess the genetic linkage to alcohalism (biogenetic research focuses on alcohal, though touches on tobacco linkage as well): animals, family patterns, twins, and adoptees. |
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| focus on the individual user and the characteristics of that individual that somehow differentiate him or her from nonusers; Concentrating on nature and quality of individual experiences including how they interact with biological and socio-envioronmental variables. Three broad types: psychoanalytic explanations, personality theories, and behavioral theories |
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| psychoanalytic explanations |
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| comprise of a range of explanations that identify the cause of abuse and addiction to be abnormal personality development or adjustment. |
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| suggest that those who use or abuse drugs have personalities that are somehow different from those of nonabusers. |
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| Pavlov, dog experiments classical and conditioning |
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| human beings are inherently hedonistic and do not need to learn the motives and predispositions to engage in drug use and criminal behavior. Doesn't ask Why?, but Why Not?. |
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| social control theory: attachment |
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| the emotional bonds developed with others who represent conventional values and authority. |
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| social control theory: commitment: |
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| the investment of time, effort, and other resources into conventional lines of activity |
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| filling up one's time with conventional activies such as sports or other after-school activities, so that there is little time for illegal activities. |
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| the cognitive affirmation of conventional values and morality. |
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| social structural theories |
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| try to explain why++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
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