Term
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Definition
Positive -
Power
Security
Social Bond
Negative -
Loss of Freedom
Individualism
Loss of Self |
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Term
Manifest Function
Latent Function |
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Definition
intended to accomplish
unintended or hidden
Robert Merton |
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Term
| Theories of Social Structure (How Society holds together?) |
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Definition
1. Divine will – obedience/ revelation
2. Structural Function theory – held together by common agreements, normative consensus
3. Conflict theory – held together by power embodied in laws, power of coercion and the golden rule |
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Term
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Definition
| where two people have same relationship with the third |
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Term
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Definition
| where one tries to be friends with two who dislike each other |
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Term
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Definition
| process of exchanging one culture for another |
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Term
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Definition
| a micro sociological theoretical perspective having as its central concern to explain and reveal the key process by which people seek to maximize by exchanging rewards with each other |
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Term
| Two approaches to Micro Sociology |
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Definition
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Exchange Theory |
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Term
| 4 principle of recruitment |
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Definition
Open Minded Principle
Network Recruitment Principle
Cosmopolitan Growth Principle
Principle of Dense Origins |
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Term
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Definition
People are choosers
We tend to do what is rewarding, although it might not be immediately rewarding – pain/pleasure principle
Rewards can be material or non material
Where do rewards come from – usually from others
How do we get those rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| The Looking Glass Self - how we view ourselves, how others feel and react |
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Term
| George Homans – Exchanging Rewards – the four principles of frequency |
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Definition
The law of liking – if you engage with equal ranks than more than likely you will like them
The law of inequality – people of different ranks have different levels of attachment
The law of agreement – the members in a group like each other, the more they agree
The law of conformity – the more solid a group the greater demand for conformity |
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Term
| Differences between cool - burning communes |
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Definition
| Unexpected results with cool and burning communes, cool ones lasted longer |
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Term
| 5 basic social institutions |
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Definition
Family
Economy
Religion
Political Order
Education |
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Term
| 3 major theories about social systems |
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Definition
Functionalism
Social Evolution
Conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| sub-groups within the commune tend to divide the commune at some point |
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Term
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Definition
| social structures have functions, what is the structure there for |
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Term
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Definition
| survival and adaptability |
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Term
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Definition
| power and how does it affect social structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Mark Schuckits’s study on alcoholism presents evidence for genetic response |
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Term
| Humans have been growing more and taller which suggest genetics |
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Definition
| The rebuttal is that a better diet and health conditions are the reason, and the question should be why weren’t we growing more earlier in history |
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Term
| People in society can be described as? |
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Definition
| Can be described as plastic – people can shift environmental behavior |
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Term
| Environmental Suppressors |
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Definition
| environment factors that hinder human growth |
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Term
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Definition
| children who are literally untamed, or born with severe disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple model of learning in which humans play only a passive role |
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Term
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Definition
general rules that govern reason (Jean Piaget)
o Sensorimotor – begins at birth until about 2, senses and motor skills
o Preoperational – begins at about 2 until age 7, language learning
o Concrete operational – begins at about 7 until age 12, develop a number of logical principles
o Formal operational – generally begins at age 12 but it is possible never to reach this stage, thinking abstractly and to impose logical tests to their ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| is a jargon of made-up nouns and verbs, often including some borrowed from the language of the dominant group, highly variable in terms of word order and little in the way of grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of Pidgin into a real language very different from any other |
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Term
| Differential socialization |
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Definition
| how roles in a society shape people |
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Term
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Definition
he did a study on the upbringings of children from different social classes and the main values stressed by parents
o Working class parents were more concerned about their children conforming to the expectations of others
o Middle class parents were more concerned about their children being capable of self expression and independence
Kohn then realized that more of an emphasis on parental occupation than on class |
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Term
| Erving Goffman 1961 impression management |
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Definition
| the conscious manipulation of scenery, props, costumes and our behavior to convey a particular role to others |
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Term
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Definition
| offenders usually commit many crimes ranging from different types, with no strong inclination to pursue a specific criminal act |
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Term
| Walter Grove produced 3 facts about crime |
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Definition
o The variables most associated with crime are age and gender
o Athletic body types are more likely to commit crimes
o Psychological drives like testosterone and adrenaline |
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Term
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Definition
| is the result of subcultures disagreeing with the norms of society but now having the influence to change such norms |
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Term
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Definition
| frustration caused by a person’s position in the social structure, especially the stratification system |
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Term
| 4 types of Bonds in society |
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Definition
o Attachments – how much one cares for others and its reciprocal
o Investments – we are tied to conformity through our attachments to others but also through the stakes we have built up in life
o Involvements – that time and energy have a limit towards deviant activities
o Beliefs – about how people should behave |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of normalness |
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Term
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Definition
morally accepted sentiments
stringent morally accepted sentiments |
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Term
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Definition
| who you hang out with, 2 factors how long and how intimate |
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Term
| Deviance Process – John Lofland |
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Definition
o Threat – Physical, Psychological
o Encapsulation – Facilitating Hardware, Facilitating Others, Subjective Ability, Objective Proximity
o Closure |
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Term
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Definition
o Principle of Dependence – the more dependent members are on a group, the more they conform to the norms
o Principle of Visibility – to the extent that the behavior of group members is easily observed by other members, their degree of conformity to group norms will be greater
o Principle of Extensiveness – the greater the scope and extent of norms upheld by the group, the greater will be the contribution to overall social order |
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Term
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Definition
| the more rapid, the more certain, and the more severe the punishment for a crime, the lower the rate at which such crimes will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of persons who commit a new crime after having served a prior sentence in jail or on probation |
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Term
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Definition
• Marx saw four classes in Roman society: patricians, knights, plebians and slaves; while he saw only two in modern society: bourgeoisie and proletariat
• Classes do not exist unless they struggle with another and that class struggle is inevitable |
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Term
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Definition
| people who were marginal to the economy: vagrants, migrant workers, beggars, criminals, Gypsies |
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Term
| Max Weber suggested that three factors defined society |
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Definition
o Property – the control of property
o Prestige – fame as important as money and can gain influence
o Power – the ability to get ones way despite the resistance of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a person could be rich but have lower prestige and little power |
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Term
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Definition
| classes tend to develop and maintain distinctive cultures typically consisting of styles of speech, etiquette, dress, body language, interest, information and taste |
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Term
| Ralf Dahrendorf had the most penetrating analysis of Marx’s classless society |
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Definition
o Everyone would be in one class but they would not have equally power and prestige, or even economically
o Then Who is the State?
o Those who control the means of production effectively own the means |
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Term
| Gaeteno Mosca The Ruling Class a three step proof |
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Definition
o Human societies cannot exist without political organization
o Whenever there is political organization there must be inequalities in power
o Because human nature is inherently self-serving, people with greater power will use it to exploit others and therefore to gain material advantages |
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Term
| Conflict Theory of Stratification |
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Definition
| how persons at the top will take advantage of others and how the political system can be used to influence the stratification system |
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