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sociology
important people and some key terms
62
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2009

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Comte (1798-1917)
Definition
Coined the term sociology

• He emphasized on society over individual
Term
Durkheim (1858-1917)
Definition
• purpose of sociology – to explain how to make modern society work
Term
egoistic
Definition
weak social ties individualism/ lack of attachment not married/lonely
Term
altruistic
Definition
strong social ties loyalty to others/group oriented WW2 suicide bombers no individual autonomy
Term
anomic
Definition
weak regulation normlessness/ controlled by society losing all your money social facts have you on rapid social at once change
Term
fatalistic
Definition
being overregulated by society no hope of change you feel resigned to your fate
Term
Marx
Definition
• His work concentrated on capitalism and his internal conflicts
Term
Marx
Definition
• Main contribution to sociology : opening up the analysis of economic classes and economic conflict
Term
Marx
Definition
• These issues have central place in the theory of how societies operate
Term
Marx
Definition
• Dialectical change – the process through which history is operated
Term
Durkheim
Definition
• Tried take sociology out of philosophy empirical approach
Term
Durkheim
Definition
• Father of scientific sociology finds scientific base for sociology
Term
Comte
Definition
• Aim to establish a naturalistic science of society
Term
Comte
Definition
• He suggested the use of positivism
Term
theory
Definition
Process for understanding & interpreting the social world around us
Term
Presupposition
Definition
the position a researcher assumes to study the social world/human nature
Term
social solidarity
Definition
the extent to which we’re attached to our community ideals/rules
Term
Capitalism
Definition
worker’s are not allowed to express themselves completely they are alienated
Term
alienation
Definition
the object produces by labor, its product, now stands opposed to it as an alien being as a power independent of the producer
Term
Mead: “Taking the Role of the Other”
Definition
Children develop self-image by taking the role of someone else.
Term
Mindfulness
Definition
How social world is created by us (people), how we connect to others, how reality is constructed…
How your behavior is a response of your social conditions/environment
Examine social patterns require active participation, critical affection and analysis.
Term
Sociology
Definition
Scientific study of society and human behavior
the study of society, investigation and critical analysis, to develop knowledge the human social structure and activity.
Term
Sociological Perspective
Definition
Understanding human behavior by placing it within a broader social context
helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals and offers insights about the social world that extend far beyond explanations that rely on individual quirks and personalities.
Term
Sociological Imagination
Definition
Personal problems are linked with larger Social Issues/Structure.
• Many events that seem to concern only the individual, in reality, reflects larger issues. Example: Unemployment
Life is achieved with peace
Everyone has the equal right to live
We are all intermixed, consider others actions.
Term
Conflict theory
Definition
A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
Term
Symbolic Interactionism
Definition
People use symbols (things that we attach meaning to) to develop their views of the world and to communicate to one another
Term
Functional Model
Definition
Society is composed of various parts, each with a function that when fulfilled contributes to society’s equilibrium
Term
social sciences
Definition
the fields of scientific knowledge and academic scholarship that study social groups and, more generally, human society.
Term
natural sciences
Definition
refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the universe, which is understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin.
Term
Weber
Definition
believed that values of the researcher should not affect the research at all, and objectivity (total neutrality) should be applied; if not research is biased. Sociology should be value free, stress need of replication
Term
Weber
Definition
Debated topic: disagreement on the proper purposes and uses of sociology- advance understanding on social life vs. try to alleviate human suffering and improve society
Term
egoistic suicides
Definition
are the result of a weakening of the bonds that normally integrate individuals into the collectivity: in other words a breakdown of social integration.
Term
altruistic suicides
Definition
occur in societies with high integration, where individual needs are seen as less important than the society's needs as a whole.
Term
anomic suicides
Definition
are the product of moral deregulation and a lack of definition of legitimate aspirations through a restraining social ethic, which could impose meaning and order on the individual conscience.
Term
fatalistic suicides
Definition
v
Term
the four types of social action
Definition
Calculative, Rational, Affectual, Traditional
Term
calculative
Definition
Means and rationality- achieving specific goals desired.(type of action)
Term
rational action
Definition
oriented toward religious values (religious behavior-protestant ethic) (type of action)
Term
affectual action
Definition
states of feeling/emotions (TYPE OF ACTION)
Term
traditional action
Definition
belief/habituation of long practice (type of action)
Term
Enlightenment Philosophers
Definition
individual is primary
*social is the individual
Term
tradiotionalists
Definition
society is primary
*you are shaped by social institutions
Term
culture relativism
Definition
is to try to understand another culture on its own terms. Looking at a culture from their perspective.
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. It is a consequence of culture and the way we grow up and our taught values
Term
The Social Construction of Reality:
Definition
Persons and groups interacting together in a social system form, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other's actions, and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other.
Term
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Definition
• Realized this when studying the Hopi Indians- found that they have no words to distinguish past, present, and future
Term
Language
Definition
A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
Term
material culture
Definition
Things like jewelry, art, buildings weapons, machines, and even eating utensils, hairstyles and clothing.
Term
non-material culture
Definition
A group’s way of thinking (beliefs, values, etc.) and doing (behavior; language gestures)
Term
values
Definition
(define what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly, etc.) -ideas of what is desirable in life
Term
Norms
Definition
Expectations or rules that develop out of a group’s
Term
Folkways
Definition
Norms that are not strictly enforced are called (passing someone on the right side of the sidewalk and a male not wearing a shirt)
Term
mores
Definition
Norms that we think of as essential to our core values and therefore insist on conformity (not killing, stealing, or raping and male or female not wearing pants)
Term
social change
Definition
Change in social structure: the nature, the social institutions, the social behavior or the social relations of a society, community of people, and so on. (Emerging Values)
Term
ideal culture
Definition
The term used by sociologists to refer to values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth aspiring to. • Example: Success- this needs hard work, education, efficiency, material comfort, and individualism
Term
real culture
Definition
Norms and values that people actually follow
When people don’t work hard, get an education, work in an efficient way with the rest of the values they don’t get success. This is more common.
Term
cultural leveling
Definition
The process in which cultures become similar to each other. (Globalization of capitalism is bringing both technology and western culture to the rest of the world).
Term
socialization
Definition
(“society makes us humans”) the process of inheriting cultural norms, customs and ideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society.
Term
isolated children
Definition
children who are isolated from society and therefore are not ‘socialized’ or culturally developed. Their intelligence levels are typically low and they cannot speak or interact like a normal Institutionalized Child could.
Term
Melissa Milkie
Definition
Studied what junior high school boys talk about. She discovered that they talk mostly about what they see on TV or video games
Term
Melvin kohn
Definition
Studied difference in parenting between the working and middle classes.
Term
social facts
Definition
Durkheim defined social facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These are created from collective forces and do not emanate from the individual
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