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Sociology
Exam 1
74
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
10/02/2016

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Sociology
Definition
Scientific study of social behavior and human groups
Term
Theory
Definition
Set of statements that explain why things happen
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
Work on social integreation, social solidarity, suicide study.
Term
Functionalist Perspective
Definition
How structure helps society work
Term
Manifest
Definition
Intended expected outcomes- benefits society
Term
Latent
Definition
Unintended, unexpected outcomes- benefits society
Term
Conflict Perspective
Definition
Focus on society where people are fighting for scarce resources, inequality and stratification exist, progress through conflict/competition.
Term
Femenist Perspective
Definition
Focus on inequality with specific regard to gender inequality, want fairness for all (especially women)
Term
Interactionist Perspective
Definition
Society is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED
Term
Operational Defenition
Definition
Defining Concepts
Term
Hypothosis
Definition
Testable statement about the relationship of two (or more) variables
Term
Variables
Definition
Characteristics that can be measured and change in value under different conditions
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
Independent of other things- Deterine or has an effect on the dependent variable
Term
Population
Definition
The group you are focusing on in a study
Term
Sample
Definition
A subset, or part of the population that is being studied
Term
Random Sample
Definition
Every person in the population has the same chance of being chosen (randomly) to be a part of the study.
Term
Correlation
Definition
A relationship between two variable exits
Term
Causation
Definition
The independent variable is causing changes on the dependent variable
Term
Validity
Definition
Measuring what you intend to measure- nothing spurious
Term
Reliability
Definition
Consistency- the same/similar results will be gained if someone performs the same test, using the same variables/measures
Term
Surveys
Definition
Two types- questionaires and interviews
Term
Quantitative Research
Definition
Numerical anaylisis- reporting data in numbers and statistically analyzing results
Term
Qualitaitive Research
Definition
Non-numerical analysis/description- looking at the why and how rich descriptions
Term
Observation
Definition
Participant observation, unobtrusive observation, ethnography, field research, observing people in their natural surroundings, in-depth understanding
Term
Experiments
Definition
Artificial situation where you are manipulated variables, in this case, people- shows cause-effect relationships
Term
Experimental group
Definition
The group being manipulated, used as the focus of the study
Term
Control Groups
Definition
The group that is not being changed in any way- held constant to compare the other group to
Term
Existing Sources
Definition
Secondary data:  Data that has already been collected- accessible, but it may not AWAYS work
Term
Value Neutrality
Definition
Cannot be value free- but try to not pass judgement without careful study
Term
Mean
Definition
Arithmetical average of a list of numbers
Term
Median
Definition
Middle number in a list of numbers (but not average)
Term
Mode
Definition
Number that occurs most often in a list of numbers
Term
Culture
Definition
Language, behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, norms, values and objects that characterize a society
Term
Society
Definition
Largest human groups we can define- group of people  that live and work together and think as a social unit.
Term
Cultural Universals
Definition
Customs and practices that are common to all societies- however they're are very different ways.
Term
Material Culture
Definition
Physical objects- tangible items that members of a society make, use, and share
Term
Non-Material Culture
Definition
Abstract ideas, shared set of meanings a group to things- also opinions, beliefs, and how we practice or do things, patterns we follow
Term
Cultural Lag
Definition
Non-material culture lags behind material culture
Term
Major Aspects of Culture
Definition
Language, norms, values, sanctions
Term
Language
Definition
A system of symbols that we use for the purpose of communicating abstract thought
Term
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Definition
How language shapes our reality
Term
Social Structure
Definition
Where we FIT in society, in relation to OTHER PEOPLE
Term
Status
Definition
Position you occupy- you have many postitions you occupy
Term
Role
Definition
The expectations of a given status- active behavior in a particular positions
Term
Norms
Definition
Expectations or rules of behavior that develop from values in a society - societies specific rules we live by rules of right and wrong behavior - ehat we should and shouldn't do
Term
Law
Definition
Formal norms - written down, if broken there are tangible sanctions/penalties
Term
Mores
Definition
Formal norms - written down, the most serious of rules we demand people to follow.  If these are broken they save the harshest penalties for these violators
Term
Folkways
Definition
Unwritten rules of society - most of the norms we follow - sanctions are less stringent
Term
Sactions
Definition
Responses to behavior of individuals/groups in society - rewards for appropriate behavior/penalties for inappropriate behavior
Term
Values
Definition
Standards by which members of a culture define what a good/bad, right/wrong, moral/immoral, proper/improper
Term
Value Cluster
Definition
Values that hold together
Term
Value Contradiction
Definition
Values that are in opposition to one another
Term
Subculture
Definition
A group of people who share some specific ways of thinking, feeling, a language, religion, ect.  But interact within broader society
Term
Countercultures
Definition
Group that secludes itself from broader society, opposes or rejects norms of culture, ect.
Term
Culture Shock
Definition
Feeling of uncertainty, discomfort, disorientation when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The belief that one's own culture is superior to those of other groups
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
Recognizing that no culture is better than another and suspending judgement of another culture - only using that other cultures own standards to judge it by.
Term
Multiculturalism/Culture Plurism
Definition
Made up of a variety of cultures in the same geographic location without any one culture dominating another
Term
Socialization
Definition
Lifelong process of social intraction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essensial for effective participants in society.
Term
Gender Socialization
Definition
Learning what society expects of men and womens behavior
Term
Nature vs. Nurture
Definition
It takes both but scociologists would say that you are more impactd by your upbringing, social world, than you are affectd by your genetic predisposition.
Term
Looking-glass Self - Charles Horton Cooley
Definition
3 phases (perception, interpritation, response) we get as sense of self by looking at the responses of others
Term
Role-taking
Definition
Taking the role of another entity - real or imagined
Term
Meads 3 stages
Definition
Imitation, play, game
Term
Signifigant Other
Definition
Those individuals who have the most impact on us, that we are closest too
Term
Generalized Other
Definition
The attitudes, view points, and expectations of society as a whole that a person has internalized.
Term
Dramaturgy - Erving Goffman
Definition
Every interaction that can be seen as though it is a  play on stage
Term
Impression Management
Definition
Trying to control the impression others have on us
Term
Lifecourse
Definition
Stages people pass through from birth to death
Term
Piagets Cognitive Theory of Development
Definition
Social interaction is key for us to become human and act like a member of society.
Term
Anticipatory Socialization
Definition
Practicing to take on a future role
Term
Resocialization
Definition
Process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new ones
Term
Total Institutions
Definition
Places where peopleare isolated and required to learn new roles
Term
Agents of Socialization
Definition
Persons group, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participatre effectively in society.
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