Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)

• Italian Marxist.

• Captured and imprisoned for 14 years by Musolini

• Key question for Western Marxists: why no revolution as Marx predicted?

Due to capitalism we have become? (3 Marks)

-We have become “happy slaves”

-Consumers rather than citizens

-The masses have been manipulated and depoliticized

What is Ideology?

Example: Political Ideology. (Conservative party, Democratic, etc.)

A set of beliefs & values that support and justify the ruling class of a society.

Example: Political Ideology. (Conservative party, Democratic, etc.)

What is Hegemony?

NOT achieved through physical force or violence. More so Manipulating people to agree on your belief on the world.

-**Hegemony is never total as there is always resistance. (opposing parties)

Example: The occupy movement is an example of counter-hegemonic (withdrawal of active consent)

Who said this:

“Pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will” - Gramsci, Prison Notebooks

Battles for hegemonic dominance are fought for in the institutions of civil society.

Culture as hegemonic battleground (eg. Music, art, popular culture)

(RATM)

Define Feminism:

Key points of Dorothy Smith

-Smith challenges how the male standpoint, seen as universal and objective continues to dominate.

 -Smith borrows from Marx the notion of ideology: that the ruling of ideas are those of the ruling class.

-Smith challenges androcentrics (male dominance).

-George Elliot, Bronte sisters are women who published in the 19^th century under a male name.

What do Queer Theorists see gender as?

Queer theorists see gender as a type of “performance”

QUEER THEORY

-Challenges the construction of gender identity and gender norms

Foucault: Wondered how do we become self-regulating, self-disciplining subjects

-based around the idea that identities are not fixed and do not determine who we are.

-Challenges how we interact with and judge others based on perceived differences in gender and sexuality.

-If everyones identity is constructed, then no one type of identity should be the norm.

-A celebration of different, not of equality. (as any identity can still be oppressive.)

ex. Bromances

-how do we perform genders?how you sit, how you hold a cigarette, looking at your finger nails

-Criticizes how gender binaries are structured around man/woman, straight/gay, etc.

What is Gender Regulation

leads to a process of “normalization” and standardization of identity

Imperialism: Conquest of land, resources, etc. (The physical conquest ex. Taking over land).

Colonialism: Concrete and ideological effects of imperialism within colonized territories.

What is Orientalism?

-Discourse of power that creates a false distinction between “superior” West and “inferior” other.

 -Where the inferior “other” are considered as barbaric, primitive, childlike and needing to be controlled or ruled.

• academic

• imaginative

• institutional

The study of the middle East

Representations of the “East” or “other” as underdeveloped, childlike, savage, exotic, and primitive served to legitimize imperialism.

Examples: people in the middle east (arms dealers, the harum in middle east houses where woman were thought to just lounge around naked)

-The study of the middle East

-Representations of the “East” or “other” as underdeveloped, childlike, savage, exotic, and primitive served to legitimize imperialism.

Examples: people in the middle east (arms dealers, the harum in middle east houses where woman were thought to just lounge around naked)

-Dorothy Smith borrows from Marx of the notion of ideology: that the ruling ideas are those of the ruling class.

What is the difference between local and extra local social relations?

-extra local is the bigger picture .

-local is what is effected on a smaller scale.

-Dorothy Smith is known for standpoint theory?

-Her starting point of social inquiry is experience.

-Challenges how male knowledge is seen as “objective” where women's knowledge is “subjective".

-Smith sees the “everyday world as problematic”.

-Can you think of a situation that men and women both experience differently.

Key points of the first wave of feminism

- Occured in 19^th Century

Women trying to acquire the right to vote.

Second wave of Feminism

-1960s-1990s

-Campaigning for equal rights in the workforce

Third wave of feminism

-1990s-Now

-Race and Ethnicity equality for women.

Who is Bell Hooks?

Bell Hooks – one of the well known black feminists

Michael Foucault

-sees power as multi-dimensional

-1968 were the protests for social justice

-Feminist movement

-Peace not War

-African independence 1961

-Struggles against capitalism, struggle against communism

Define Discourse

Discourse: A system of meaning that governs how we think, act, and speak.

- Also Operates as a type of power that encourages some behaviour while discouraging others.

The means by which we become motivated to conform to certain realities

What is Disciplining the criminal?

-to “queer” is to render “normal” gender identity as strange

Ex. we perform our gender, your identity is not biologically given to you, its constructed.

-That we deliberately challenge all notions of fixed identity, in varied and non-varied predictable ways

**Culture is a collection of values, beliefs, behaviours (the non materials) and material objects shared by a group and passed from one generation to the next.

-Material culture is physical objects, resources, and spaces

-Non-Material culture are beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

1. Culture is learned (through process of socialization)

2. Culture is shared (eg. Collective meanings and symbols) (Thanksgiving)

3. Culture is transmitted (eg. Through story-telling, writing..)

4. Culture is cumulative

Which is not a defining aspect of Canadian identity?

*Norms: culturally defined rules that prescribe appropriate behaviour and conduct.

-**“folkways”: Informal norms that do not inspire severe moral condemnation

Ex. Not farting in public, picking nose

-**“mores”: norms that carry a strong sense of importance.

Ex. Cheating on a test, telling partner you cheated on them

- Norms of appropriate behaviour are determined by cultural context.

-Those who transgress cultural norms and standards (mores & folkways) are subject to formal and informal sanctions

**Ethnocentrism: Seeing your own culture as superior or also as understanding other cultures in terms of your own view on the world.

-With ethnocentrism comes the temptation to compare/evaluate in moral terms. (i.e. Orientalism)

-**Cultural relativism: The view that no culture is superior to any other culture when comparing social practices, systems or morality, law, politics, etc.

-Honeymoon

-Crisis

-Recovery

-Adjustment

Body Language (Shrugs, expressions),

Proximity (Personal space),

Haptacs (Personal touch),

Oculesics (Eye Contact),

Chronemics (Time Use),

Adornments (Accessories, etc.),

Locomotion (Movement)