Norms are rules that groups create in order to establish what is considered appropriate or

inappropriate within a society.

1) Mores

2) Folkways

3) Taboos

4) Laws

Vary over time, between cultures, across subcultures

- Norms can be Prescriptive or Proscriptive

- Argues that particular deviant acts violate universal norms

- This view sees particular behaviors as deviant across all times and all places

EX: Muder, Incest/Beatiality, Lying

- Argued that a society "needed" a certain level of deviance/crime

-Boundaries help build solidarity (individuals feel more connected to each other and to society when they share common views about what is sacred/profane)

-Causal order is problematic

-Key concepts cannot be measured directly

-Often excludes the power of the State

-Tendency to blame poor parenting and downplay structural factors

3 C's:

Cathartic: punishment isnt just about punishing the individual for what they did, it's also about making society feel better about following the rules

Carceral: Belonging to a Prison

Corporal: Of or relating to the body

-Rehabilitation, retributive, proportionate sentencing

-Detterrence

- The State maintains a legitimate monopoly on the use of violence

- Only rarely are citizens able to use violence w/o criminal consequences

-Violence takes many forms: Arrests, imprisonment, physical punishments, etc.

Stigma:refer to

son or group has

Master Status:refers to the key social

minority in a racially homogenous area, being a famous celebrity.

Socialization:

1) Denial of responsibility. We acknowledge doing the behavior considered wrong, but we claim that we had no choice—that we had to do or we were forced to do so.

2) Denial of injury. We acknowledge doing the wrong action, but we claim that no one was harmed by what we did, so it really shouldn’t be a problem.

3) Blaming the victim. We acknowledge that people were hurt by our actions, but we claim that though we did the action, it was really the victim’s fault—they brought about or otherwise deserved our behavior.

4) Condemn the condemners. We abdicate all responsibility for our behavior, and instead we point to the people condemning us. They are the problem, not us. What they have done wrong excuses our behavior.

5) Appealing to a higher loyalty. We claim that while we violated some social norms, we’re actually adhering to other norms and loyalties, and these higher principles justify our behavior.

-Punishment has changed from brutal spectacle to organized incarceration

-Punishments i modern society is focused on removing rights as opposed to physical harm to body

-We punish the way we do to: Decrease crime, decrease recidivism, decrease costs.

-Punishment is still cathartic

- Historical shift from public spectacle to medical procedure

Torture:

-There are restrictions against torture

-Definition of torture is socially constructed depending on location and time period

-Torture was a way to gather info.

-House arrest may involve electronic-device monitoring

-May involve random phone calls from officers

-May have random visits from police

-Violation may be considered with same severity as a conventional prison escape

-Nearly all states require individual to pay for their own technology

- US is a global outlier: About 90% of nations on Earth do not execute a citizen in any given year

- There was a temporary prohibition of the death penalty in the US [around 1972 & 1976]

- Death penalty was suspended by supreme court in Furman v. Georgia

Sane in Insane Places:

- Label given upon arrival ata  hospital tended to stick 

-Pseudopatients easily passed as insane/ill according to staff, but other patients were not always fooled

-Experiment to weed out pseudopatients revealed that it is difficult to distinguish btw. truly sane and truly insane

- The Medical Model [Psychiatric View] - Mental illness is similar to other diseases, there is possibly a cure

-Sociological Perspective- environment's impact on mental illness

-Schizo: little capacity to regulate emotions, inaccurate perception of reality

-Manic Depression [Bipolar]: flucuations of emotions

-Major Depression

-Anxiety Disorders: includes phobias and hoarding

-Anti-social personality disorder [violent sexual predators]

-Borderline personality disorder: tend to be self-destructive - no medication. Age out of it.

-Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder: hper-performers - orderly, super punctual

-Not guilty by reason of insanity

-Temp. insanity

-Most illnesses do not translate to criminal behavior

-Crimes committed by mentally ill might involve public disturbances

-Concerns:

Medication

Diagnosis

Mistreatment

Suicide

Cost

Social costs

-Labels vary n degree, some are simply social, while others are official [ex. registeres sex offender]

-The social response to a behavior determins their label

-Labels are applied differentially

Labeling Theory: th

-label has historically been used as a legitimate means to marginalize certain groups of ppl

-Removes "undesirables" from community 

-Those w/ specific deviant labels may form their own communities 

-Adam's 2009 Research: Unique approach: uses a nationally representative survey

-Strongest preidctors of tats: Time spent in jail, friends/fam have tats, negative relationship w/ education

Common reasons:

Self-expression

Aesthetics

Unique

Difference btw. men and women: Women wanted to "be independent", "be like a friend", "remembering a life event"

-Lots of students didnt get tats in fear of not wanting it when they get older

-Foot binding in china

-neck rings

-head binding

-tooth sharpening

"fattening"

Important supreme court cases: Griswold v. CT, Roe v. Wade

-Following cases like Griswold, burden of contraception shifted from men to women

-One common theme : What can indiciduals do w/ their bodies w/o being deviant

-States that have passed Assisted Suicide Laws:

Washington, Oregon

Vermont, Montana

1. Secondary deviance is a stage in a theory of deviant identity formation. Lemert (1967) conceptualized primary deviance as engaging in the initial act of deviance and then posited secondary deviance as the stage in which one internalizes a deviant identity by integrating it into their self-concept.

group and most often involves things like race, ethnicity, and religion