Term
|
Definition
A theoretical statement explaining the relationship between two or more phenomena Ex: “Watching violence on television increases violent behavior in children.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that a researcher can test to see if his/her hypothesis is correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Factors that are predicted to cause change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Factors that may be changed by the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experiments, Surveys, Ethnograpies, and Interviews |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Look at Human behavior in very specific circumstances 2) Control Situation 3) Reliability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Expensive and time consuming 2) Provide Limited information 3) Not good for studying macro-level phenomena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The best tool for gaining information about large populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Reliable 2) Anonymous, preserves confidentiality 3) Can examine micro or macro level data 4) Inexpensive 5) Results can be generalized to a larger population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Need to poll the right people 2) Need to ask the right questions 3) no room for elaboration by participants |
|
|
Term
| Plan of Action for a sociologist |
|
Definition
1st: Literature Review 2nd: Form Hypothesis 3rd: Choose Variables 4th: Choose Research method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Numerical (How Often, How Many, Percentages, Statistical Analysis) Used in Surveys and Experiments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interviews, observations, photographs etc. Used in Interviews and Ethnographies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Journals/ Articles that provide information to support your study and help form your hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widely held cultural beliefs that evaluate one sex as generally more competent than the other |
|
|
Term
How do Gender Status Beliefs increase inequality? |
|
Definition
1) Cause both sexes to expect men to be more competent than women on a task [resulting in higher status for men] 2) Allocation of more rewards for men, because they have higher status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Women primarily work in certain fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Jobs that are traditionally “female” pay less than jobs that are traditionally “male” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When women do work in “male jobs” they often earn less than men, even with the same amount of education, training, and skills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Women are more likely than men to work part time jobs, which reduces women’s overall earnings. |
|
|
Term
| Social Factors that Affect the Gender Gap |
|
Definition
| Gender Segregation, Comparable Worth, Wage Inequality, and Lower Earnings |
|
|
Term
| Statistical Discrimination |
|
Definition
| Using a group’s average to estimate characteristics of individuals who are members of the group results in mistaken predictions about individuals who are qualified in a way unusual for their sex”.
Ex. Employers use statistics to help them make decisions about who will have the lowest turnover rate, the highestproductivity, or the most dedication to the job |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Employers, workers, or customers may have a taste for discrimination. Such a taste refers to a preference in favor or against hiring, working with, or buying from a group such as women” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals who belong to a group that already receives societal benefits (that is, whites) and who perceive an economic threat, such as competition from another group (that is, blacks) will develop negative attitudes toward that group. Ex. White men who are in powerful positions benefit from status hierarchies that privilege them over women and people of color. Ex. White men use negative stereotypes to justify having more status and power than women and people of color. |
|
|
Term
| How does language reinforce gender inequality? |
|
Definition
The language we use reinforces gender inequality. •Metaphors used by scientists to talk about the egg and the sperm rely on stereotypes about males andfemales, and reproduce gender inequality |
|
|
Term
| What challeneges do women face in the labor market? |
|
Definition
Women are less likely to be hired when they have children because women remain the primary caretakers of children and the household. Women are faced with wage inequality causing lower earnings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Social Educational Success) Parental education and Family Income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Vocational, General, AP) Different tracks that students are placed on to determine academic ability |
|
|
Term
| Measures of Educational Inequality |
|
Definition
1) Achievement 2) Graduation/ Drop Out Rate 3) College Completion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measured by Test Scores and Grades |
|
|
Term
| What school and non-school factors affect educational achievement? |
|
Definition
School factors: School Quality, Teacher Quality, Tracking Non School Factors: Peer Group/Aspiration Factors, Home Backround(Parental education and income) |
|
|
Term
| How do test scores, high school drop out rates, and college completion rates illustrate racial inequality in the U.S.? |
|
Definition
| School factors such as quality of school and teacher and tracking along with non school factors such as parent educational background and family income affect different racial groups causing racial inequality. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it so important to focus on racial inequality in the education system? |
|
Definition
To narrow the racial educational gap |
|
|
Term
Where (in the educational system) do we see the greatest disparities in achievement? |
|
Definition
| The Greatest disparities are seen at the highest levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Members of a given society are categorized and divided into groups, then ranked in a social hierarchy Members may be grouped according to their gender, race, class, age, or other characteristics, depending on the criteria important to a given society. |
|
|
Term
What are the four principles of social stratification |
|
Definition
1) Stratification is maintained though beliefs that are widely shared by members of a given society ¨ 2) Stratification is a societal-level characteristic, not a reflection of individual difference ¨ 3) Social stratification is passed down through generations ¨ 4)All societies are stratified; but societies use various criteria for ranking people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes |
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to define class? |
|
Definition
| Because it does not adress other social factors and it does not give individuals agency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1% of population Elites who have gained membership in various ways Earnings: 250,000 Highly educated Financially stable Seek positions of power and status Will most likely stay in this social class throughout their lives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
14% of population Highly skilled, well educated, college, or graduate degrees Members work in primarily executive level positions 89,000-150,000 Financially Stable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30% of population Skilled labor / low-managerial work high school education 2-4 yr college degree some Financial stability |
|
|
Term
| Working (lower-middle) class |
|
Definition
30% of population high school education manual labor jobs or service industry 23,000-54,000 Less financial stability; difficulty buying home |
|
|
Term
Working Poor and Underclass |
|
Definition
20% Population High school education or less unskilled, temporary and seasonal jobs 10,500-22,000 High rates of unemployment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individuals who are most disadvantaged in our society Officially impoverished by gov. standards less than 7500 yr Difficulty supporting basic needs hold study jobs Live in inner cities Substandard housing/ homelessness |
|
|
Term
| Culture of Poverty Theory |
|
Definition
Poverty is unavoidable;individuals accept their fate rather than trying to improve their lot
Theory blames the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while overlooking social conditions.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The general cultural background, knowledge,disposition, and skills that are passed from one generation to the next. |
|
|
Term
| Culture of Poverty Theory S&W |
|
Definition
Strengths: Addresses how poverty affects aspiration Weaknesses: Theory blames individuals for their own misfortune. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strengths: Acknowledges the role of schools in limiting social mobility Weakness: Doesn't address other social factors: doesnt give individuals agency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Family 2) Peers 3) School 4) Media |
|
|
