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| sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena. |
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| a kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important. |
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| the use of two or more languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate. |
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| a political philosophy, promoted by many younger blacks in the 1960's that supported the creation of black-controlled political and economic institutions. |
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| the area of common culture along the border between mexico and the united states |
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| karl marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production |
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| the immigration to the the united states, and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals , and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries. |
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| a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve effciency |
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| the process by which a group, organization or social movement comes increasingly bureaucratic |
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| an aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals |
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| the systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants. |
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| in a literal sense, government by the people |
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| a term used to describe the change from high birthrates and death rate to low birthrates and death rates |
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| the scientific study of population |
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| a large, organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government |
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| an approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain |
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| the variable in a casual relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable |
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| behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society |
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| a theory of deviance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts |
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| differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups |
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| the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to goup or society to society |
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| a functionalist theory of aging introduced by Cummings and Henry that suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships |
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| two unrealted adults who share a mutually caring relationship, reside together and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses and other common necessities. |
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| a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic and political interests |
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| an element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability |
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| a term used by erving goffman to refer to the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment |
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| a term used by karl marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position |
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| pride in the extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family |
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| a sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization |
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| the level of reproduciton in a society |
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| a norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern |
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| the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others. |
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| a norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishment for violators |
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| a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency |
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| social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators an d employees |
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| functionalist perspective |
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| a sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability |
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| rigid adherence to fundamental religious doctrines, often accompanied by a literal application of scripture or historical beliefs to today's world |
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| the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects |
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| standards of behaviors that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools |
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| the conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own |
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| a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods |
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| the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank |
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| an area of study that is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their environment |
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| an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people., communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the orgnaization |
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| hunting and gathering society |
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| a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive |
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| the state of being related to others |
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| a sense of virility, personal worth and pride in one's maleness |
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| an open stated and conscious function |
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| the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives |
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| a collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor. |
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| a densely populated area containing two or more cities and their suburbs |
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| a minority group that despite past prejudice and discrimination , succeeds economically, socially and educationally without resorting to confrontations with whites. |
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| the far-reaching process by which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies |
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| a functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nation |
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| norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society |
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| a theory of urban growth developed by harris and ullman that views growth as emerging from many center of development, each of which reflects a particular urban need or acitivity |
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| a research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation |
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| a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence |
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| the transfer of work to foreign contractors |
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| a form of government in which a few individuals rule |
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| a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status |
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| an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept |
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| someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day to day personal contact and communication |
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| a collective consciousness that rest on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor |
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| the work of a group that regulations between criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs. |
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| a group or category to which people feel they do not belong |
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| research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data |
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| research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical |
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| a printed or written form used to obtain information from a respondent. |
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| a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm |
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| the generation of adult who simultaneously try to meet the competing need of their parents and their children |
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| a hypothesis concerning the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality |
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| scientific management approach |
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| another name for the classical theory of formal organizations |
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| a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem |
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| a variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data |
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| the double burden-work outside the home followed by child care and housework- that many women face and few men share equitably |
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| according to George herbert mead, a distinct identity that sets us apart from others |
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| societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill |
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| the techniques and strategies from preventing deviant human behavior in any society |
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| the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a populationl |
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| a condition in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power |
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| an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs |
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| the ways in which people respond to one another |
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| the lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture |
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| movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another |
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| societal-reaction approach |
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| another name for labeling theory |
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| long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection |
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| societal-reaction approach |
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| another name for labeling theory |
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Definition
| long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection |
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| the scientific study of social behavior and human groups |
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| a label used to devalue members of certain social groups |
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| a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society |
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| a gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication |
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| an ethnic identity that emphasized concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage |
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| the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study |
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| a collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable and improper-in a culture |
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| max weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data |
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| max weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data |
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| the german word for "understanding" or "insight" |
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| the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank |
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| Veblen's term for those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo |
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| a questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime. |
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| records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by governmental units |
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| the state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants |
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