Term
| trend of drug arrests over the years |
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Definition
| has increased from about 600,000 to about 1.5 million. |
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Term
| decriminalization of drugs |
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Definition
criminal penalties still exist, but severity is reduced.
Also means some behaviors aren't banned anymore. |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs are completely legal |
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Term
| affect of laws and arrests for drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| argument for legalization of drugs |
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Definition
drug crimes are victimless.
will lead to reduced crime and violence and improve life in inner cities.
reduces some health risks.
banning drugs is against civil liberties. |
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Term
| argument for banning of drugs |
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Definition
drugs are harmful to one's health.
drug use is a factor in spreading std's.
drug users engage in risky behavior.
drug crimes and addiction would go up. |
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Term
| racial stats on drug users |
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Definition
most drug users are white.
about 80-90% of people sent to jail for drugs are black. |
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Term
| functionalist view on drugs and alcohol |
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Definition
society provides us guidelines on alcohol and drug use.
social norms show acceptable amount of drug and alcohol use.
prescriptions are for medical purposes.
alcohol on occasion for celebration.
college students expected to drink a lot. |
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Term
| conflict view on drugs and alcohol |
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Definition
argue that strategic decisions are made to determine which drugs are illegal and which aren't.
powerful political and business grps change the way we see drugs. |
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Term
| feminist view on drugs and alcohol |
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Definition
experiences to women, minorities, and gays were ignored until 1970's.
recently, gender-specific treatments are being created. |
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Term
| interactionist view on drugs and alcohol |
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Definition
drug abuse is learned from others.
differential association.
addresses how certain people or grps are called "abusers." |
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Term
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Definition
| explains how we learn specific behaviors and norms from the groups we have contact with. |
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Term
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Definition
| using a drug or medication for a reason other than its intended purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical and/or psychological dependence on a drug or medicine. |
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Term
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Definition
stress associated with minority grps.
comes from leaving their homeland and adapting to a new country. |
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Term
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Definition
stress associated with minority grps.
comes from feeling disempowered because of social and economic inequalities in US society. |
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Term
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Definition
stress associated with minority grps.
tension that minorities encounter because of racism. |
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Term
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Definition
highly addictive drug that can be snorted, injected, eaten, or smoked.
most common synthetic drug in US.
used most by ages 18-25.
can cause violence, anxiety, confusions, and insomnia.
long term: linked to alzheimer's, stroke, and epilepsy. |
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Term
|
Definition
highest ages 18-25.
highest in grp is age 21. |
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Term
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Definition
| infrequently drinking a large quantity of alcohol in a short period. |
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Term
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Definition
idea by durkheim.
during rapid culture change, this is when there is an absence of social norms and controls. |
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Term
| doctor discrimination about class relating to drugs and alcohol |
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Definition
if drug is done in poor, urban area, it is a crime.
if done in high-class area, it is a personal crisis. |
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Term
| functionalist view on crime |
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Definition
relates to durkheim's idea of anomie when no norms are in place.
crime separates good and bad behavior in society.
strain theory. |
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Term
| strain theory for criminal justice |
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Definition
not everyone can attain a perfect job, house, family, and car.
people feel like they are blocked from achieving their dream, so they resort to crime. |
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Term
| conflict theory for crime |
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Definition
criminal laws exist to preserve the interests and power of specific grps, not serve the good.
criminal justice is discriminatory.
powerful people can resist being labeled as criminals.
criminality defines one's social status. |
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Term
| interactionist view on crime |
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Definition
examines process that defines certain individuals and acts as criminal.
race and class matter in our view of crime.
labeling theory, and saints and roughnecks. |
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Term
| Labeling theory for crime |
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Definition
| the criminal or their acts aren't important, but the way we label people and their acts as crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| study done by chambliss. 8 white boys in each grp, one upper class and one lower class. they both committed crimes, but cops thought upper class were nice kids, and arrested lower class kids. |
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Term
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Definition
except rape, males have higher victimization rates than females.
males get victimized by strangers, and females by a friend, acquaintance, or intimate partner.
the younger a person, the more likely they are to experience a violent crime, or be injured by a crime. |
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Term
| factors for minority crime |
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Definition
blacks have highest violent crime rate.
caused by poverty, unemployment, social isolation, and economic disadvantage. |
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Term
| deviant behavior with crimes |
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Definition
those who hang out with deviants are more likely to commit deviant acts themselves.
prisoners learn more criminal activity in jail than rehabilitating. |
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Term
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Definition
taking money or property from another without or with threat of force.
makes up 75% of all US crimes. |
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Term
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Definition
a crime that is done by a respectable person with a high social status.
costs taxpayers more than all other types of crimes. |
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Term
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Definition
chance of going to prison is higher for men than women.
race: blacks are highest, then hispanics, and then whites.
despite the crime, minorities are more likely to be arrested than whites. |
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Term
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Definition
crime rate down, but prison pop. going up.
due to nonviolent drug offenders - make up more than half of all prisoners in US. |
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Term
| death penalty stats in US |
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Definition
most are done in the south.
race of the victim is a factor in sentencing.
43% sentenced are black, and 2% are women.
states with death penalty have higher murder rates than those without. |
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Term
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Definition
| looks at the intersection between the physical and natural environment, and social organization and social behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| technology can't create a perfect artificial environment, so we can't get back what we lose from nature. |
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Term
| functionalist view - environment |
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Definition
agricultural and technological modes of production and dysfunctional and destabilizing.
result is waste, pollution, and lose of natural resources.
ehrlich's formula |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental damage=population growth + level of affluence + technological damage. |
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Term
| conflict theory - environment |
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Definition
environmental problems are made by humans competing for power, income, and their own interests.
resources are treated as free and infinite.
no concern for social costs.
"cap and trade" |
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Term
| feminist view - environment |
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Definition
masculine view of the world is to dominate nature.
women are expected to protect the home and more eco-friendly.
ecofeminism. |
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Term
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Definition
| women are more in tune with nature |
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Term
| interactionist view - environment |
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Definition
how are problems created and defined socially?
Impact of Al Gore and "an inconvenient truth" |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by greenhouse gases forming in our atmosphere, therefore causing the earth to warm up. |
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Term
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Definition
many countries have signed it, agreeing to limit their pollution to prevent greenhouse gases.
US has yet to sign it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ex. - love canal - chemical plant near neighborhood, and everyone gets cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a runoff problem which is caused by harmful chemicals entering the waterways, therefore disrupting the ecosystem. |
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Term
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Definition
| family moved to Virginia and grew their own food, or only bought things that came from within 100 miles of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex.- tire slashing, tree sitting, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| terrorism supported or coordinated by groups or individuals based in the US |
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Term
| foreign international terrorism |
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Definition
| terrorism supported or coordinated by foreign groups threatening the security of US nationals or the national security of the US |
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Term
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Definition
1. premeditation - requires prior decision
2. purpose - motive to change or challenge the status quo.
3. targets noncombatants - those who can't defend themselves are attacked.
4. done by subnational grps or clandestine agents.
5. threat of future violence - involves acts that may have occurred and the potential for future attacks. |
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Term
| functionalist view on terrorism |
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Definition
examines how war and terrorism help maintain the social order, create and reinforce social, religious, or national boundaries.
war creates stability - people know what side they are on.
safety valve - oppressed grps can express their anger
warfare establishes power |
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Term
| conflict view on terrorism |
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Definition
focuses on how war is used to promote economic and political interests.
military-industrial complex |
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Term
| military-industrial complex |
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Definition
thought of by president eisenhower.
the growing collaboration of government, military, and armament industry. |
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Term
| feminist view on terrorism |
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Definition
war is a patriarchal tool used by men to create new structures of dominance and to subjugate a large mass of people.
war is primarily a male activity which enhances their positions in society.
women's first role is taking care of family. |
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Term
| interactionist view on terrorism |
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Definition
focuses on the social messages and meaning of war and terrorism.
terrorism has negative connotations - if one party call the other terrorist, then the accusing party looks like the good guys - may reflect political bias. |
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Term
| right wing extremist groups |
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Definition
| advocate the ideas of racial supremacy and tend to embrace antigovernment or antiregulatory beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| wish to being about revolutionary change, see themselves as protectors of the people. |
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Term
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Definition
| wish to resolve specific issues, rather than effect political change. |
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Term
| psychological impact from war |
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Definition
| soldiers are affected by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Term
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Definition
| during times of war, billions of dollars are diverted from other programs. |
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Term
| political impact from terrorism |
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Definition
1.overall distribution of power to improve intelligence gathering.
2. government policies, so that in extreme cases, one government may need to be replaced by another. |
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Term
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Definition
| politically motivated attacks on publicly accessible web pages or email services. |
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Term
| community action in response to terrorists |
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Definition
make no deals with terrorists.
bring terrorists to justice.
pressure states that sponsor terrorism.
improve counter terrorist capabilities of countries that work with the US |
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Term
| economics sanctions b/c of terrorism |
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Definition
US and UN used nonviolent sanctions to punish countries.
alternative to military force.
most common form are trade embargoes that cause public health consequences. |
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Term
military response to terrorism
(definition) |
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Definition
| the most effective way to defeat an enemy is by inflicting destruction of his armies, equipment, transport systems, industrial centers, and cities. |
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Term
| 4 military responses to terrorism |
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Definition
1. preemptive operations like evacuations.
2. search and recovery operations to recover stolen weapons.
3. rescue operations - the use of specially trained units to save hostages from terrorists.
4. retaliatory raids on terrorist bases or targets. |
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Term
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Definition
| gives the government more of a chance to search with less restrictions, and takes away from the freedoms in the constitution such as privacy |
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Term
| how do social movements begin? |
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Definition
from a rise in changing social order.
started when there is a gap between what people expect, and what they get. |
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Term
| examples of successful political movements |
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Definition
women's rights movement
civil rights movement
new organization and institutions are created.
social policy and legislation are created. |
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Term
|
Definition
| try to bring about limited social change by working within the existing system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| seek fundamental changes of the system itself. |
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Term
|
Definition
| seek to change the structure of society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| attempt to change individuals and individual behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a perceived gap between what they expect and what they actually get. |
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