Term
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Definition
| the social institution guiding a society’s transmission of knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values, to its members; formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of the learner; socializes members of society |
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Term
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Definition
| formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers |
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Term
| Manifest Functions of Educations |
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Definition
o Cultural Innovation
• Educational systems create as well as transmit culture
o Social Integration
• Bringing diverse nations together
o Social Placement
• The enhancement of meritocracy |
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| Latent Functions of Educations |
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Definition
o Schools as child-care providers
o Engages young people at a time in their lives when jobs are not plentiful, relieving tensions
o Sets the stage for networking
o School is a very time-intensive, energy-consuming activity
o Link between particular schools and career opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
| giving priorities to women and minorities to combat racism, discriminatory treatment of women; social control (mandatory education laws and hidden curriculum/compliance, following directions and discipline – standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools); middle-class bias (favoring racial, ethnic or classes | found in every single major society in the post-industrial world); school tracking (perpetuating privilege – dealing with problem children; placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria); inequality (private schools getting the edge, suburban schools getting more funds and inequalities bringing awareness to students at an early age.) |
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Term
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Definition
| – an increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field. Employers contend that it is a logical response to the increasing complexity of many jobs. The degree requirements are raised for a position simply because all applicants have achieved the existing minimum credential. Conflict theorists observe that Credentialism may reinforce social inequality; applicants of poor or minority backgrounds are especially likely to suffer from the escalation of qualifications. Evaluation of a person on the basis of educational degrees; diplomas and degrees are evidence of ability; over-education |
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Term
| Sex, Access, and Attainment |
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Definition
| schools encourages dating and engaging in activities with the opposite sex, textbooks had negative stereotypes of women, pressured to prepare for “women’s work”, unequal athletic funding, and great strides in the proportion of women who continue schooling |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups based on their test scores and other curriculum; reinforcement of disadvantages; tracking does not necessarily identify those students with the potential to succeed |
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Term
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Definition
| – harmful consequences for disadvantaged people, overwhelmingly bureaucratic, teachers aren’t paid a lot, prestige of teaching has declined, pressure on students to conform. School discipline (many believe schools need to teach discipline because it isn’t addressed within the home setting); violence (teachers and students are assaulted, weapons are brought to school, society’s problems are spilled into schools); the answer is to adjust attitudes so learning is the focus, have skilled and committed staff, firm disciplinary standards that are enforced, and administrative and parental support. |
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Term
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Definition
| legitimized through tradition, conferred by custom and accepted practice; a king or queen is accepted as ruler simply by virtue of inheritance, whereas a tribal chief rules because it is accepted practice |
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Term
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Definition
| power made legitimate by law, written rules and regulations of a political system, rulers are thought to have specific fields of competence and authority; everyone is held to the same set of standards |
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Term
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Definition
| power legitimized by an individual’s charisma/personality, exceptional personal or emotional appeal, lead and inspire without set rules or traditions; derived more from the beliefs of followers than from the actual qualities of leaders. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to power that has been institutionalized and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised; perceived as legitimate, not coercive |
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Term
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Definition
| rule by a single family over generations, typical of agrarian societies, Modern day example is Britain, which has slowly moved into the Rational-Legal type of authority; the Prime Minister of England holds more power over the Royal family – the family must defer to the laws that were set in place |
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Term
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Definition
| rulers monopolizing power |
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Term
| constitutional monarchies |
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Definition
| modern-day, more figure head than ruler, political principles rule, elected official actually rules |
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Term
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Definition
| monarchy has one ruler by blood and a democracy has an elected ruler |
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Term
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Definition
| power is exercised by people as a whole; the power of the ballot box ensures some amount of individual participation, Rational-Legal reasoning has ties to democracies; use of extensive bureaucracies (an example is the IRS – not a part of the government, but given certain rights to collect taxes and still must adhere to the government) |
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Term
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Definition
| authority in hands of elected officials |
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Term
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Definition
| denial of popular participation in government; people could say something that went against the government and they could disappear in the middle of the night for their execution or punishment for opposition |
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Definition
| heavy control, most people have little or no voice in government, government indifferent to people’s needs, no legal process to remove leadership |
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Definition
| heavy handed government offering “good life” to the people; there is still no say for the public, but it is not as harsh, government rules the body still with little say-so for the people |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive regulation of people’s lives (“The Iron Fist”), close monitoring of people, massive and protected efforts to collect information on populace, people are expected to adhere to government wishes, denied basic human rights, indoctrination begins at early age; walls can be built to keep people in, as well as to protect them from external influences; changes the way that the public thinks, especially since they cannot do anything to change their way of living |
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Term
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Definition
| getting positions heard and understood, political alliance of people interested in an economic or social issue, political action committees are organizations formed by special interest groups, independent of political parties to pursue raising and spending money for a political group (an example are lobbyists in Washington) |
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Term
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Definition
| overthrow of a political order in order to establish a new one, revolutions share common traits |
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Term
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Definition
| when quality of life is improving, people want more and are less willing to wait |
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Term
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Definition
| degree of willingness and ability to reform to meet demands of people, sheer numbers being a support to fight for a right |
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Term
| radical leadership by intellectuals |
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Definition
| revolution is often “university centered,” professors, campus leaders, and student body who are activists (only those who are in the know and are knowledgeable on how to organize a revolution and lead |
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Term
| establishing new legitimacy |
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Definition
| guarding against attempts to counter the revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| violence or the threat of violence, employed by an individual or a group as a political strategy |
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Term
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Definition
| use of violence against individuals or groups by the government or its agents |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands, main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits; laissez-faire (“let them do,” businesses compete freely with minimal government intervention; now there is extensive government regulation of economic relations, monopolies exist. Advantages: income disparity, high quality of life, personal freedoms. Private ownership of property (key concept of capitalism); pursuit of personal profit (simply a “matter of doing business”); free competition (the “Invisible Hand” is at work so leave the market alone); class distribution (some that have power or money and make the decision, whereas there are others who don’t make as much) |
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Term
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Definition
| means of production and distribution in a society are collectively rather than privately owned; meet needs rather than maximize profits (key concept of socialism); central government should make basic economic decisions. Collective ownership (limits the right to own property and forms a classless society); pursuit of collective goals (pursuit of profits stands at odds); government control (centrally controlled economy; consumers should not drive economy); there are no incentives to work towards a more specialized job since there is equal pay. Advantages: healthcare to all citizens, less income disparity, lower standards of living, and stress is placed upon freedom from basic needs |
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Term
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Definition
| transforming raw materials into primary products (taken from environment, used in other sectors (secondary and tertiary) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary inputs transformed into finished goods, manufacturing and construction, growth rapid in industrialized nations or those entering the phase |
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Definition
| economic services driven rather than goods, services and the consumption of those goods; low income countries (22% of economy) and high income (70% of economy) |
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Definition
| working class, manual labor with an hourly wage |
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Term
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Definition
| salaried professional or educated worker |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of human population, looks at the effects on education, healthcare, urbanization, poverty, farmland, food resources, etc.; interested in causes and consequences of growth; analysis of the structure of a population (age, gender, race and ethnicity of its members); components of a population (size, composition, and territorial distribution that all are social consequences of population change) |
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Term
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Definition
| – incidence of childbearing in a society’s population, the level of reproduction in society; crude birthrate (the number of live birth in a year per 1000 people, refined birthrate (total births to total female population); if the rates drop too drastically or quickly there will not be enough workforce or replacement value to get resources to use for manufacturing |
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Term
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Definition
| the incidence of death in a population, affected by norms, values, and social patterns of a society; crude death rate (number of deaths in a year per every 1000 people); infant mortality rates (number of deaths among infants under one year for every 1000 live births); life expectancy (average life span for males and females) *[More information in notes] |
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Term
| Demographic Transition Theory |
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Definition
| linking population patterns to a society’s level of technological development. Stage One (preindustrial: high birth rates due to economic value of children and lack of birth control; children begin to work earlier in order to make up for the growth and high mortality rate); Stage Two (early industrial: high birth rate and lowered death rate give boost to population growth [many developing nations today mirror this stage]; people are dying much younger, but still producing more children); Stage Three (mature industrial: birth rates begin to mask death rates as population surge drops as affluence transforms children into economic liability); Stage Four (postindustrial: economic realities force drop in birth rates to the point where growth is stagnant or very slow; not growing enough to match growth rate; fewer people who are younger are having children and there is a surge in those who are older and not having children – when they die off there will be a large jump in the death rate [a crash in growth]). Everything is tied together in order to recuperate for an increase |
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Term
| Malthusian Theory of Population Growth |
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Definition
| Malthus warned of impending doom based on population projections, population would approximate geometric progression while food production increased in only arithmetic progressions, result: people reproducing at rates that exceeded their ability to produce sufficient food |
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Term
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Definition
| zero population growth (reproduction that maintains population at a steady state; do not want the rate to stay at replacement value/100%: 2 parents + 2 kids = equal replacement and 2 parents with 4+ kids = equal growth), postindustrial societies (slowdowns in birthrates, under population) |
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Term
| High Fertility in Society |
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Definition
| population growth in a critical problem in poor nations; overpopulation |
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Term
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Definition
| colonial settlement (capitalism’s impact upon small villages ensured transformation), urban expansion (towns springing up along transportation routes; beginnings of urbanization as people moved into urban cities and out of towns/rural), great metropolis (impact of civil war ushered in growth, 1/5 of population lived in cites; creation of suburbs for populace to be able to be close to the city for work), urban decentralization (desertion of downtown areas for outlying suburbs) |
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Term
| Urban, Suburban, and Rural living |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vast urban area containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs, “supercities;” two or more metropolises that are expanded because people can’t afford to live in the city, but still travel into the city for jobs; cities are almost one since they are so close together (Examples are Boswash (Boston to Washington D.C.) and Seatac (Seattle and Tacoma, Washington) |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice and discrimination against the elderly, blatant ageism (deny a person a job due to age), subtle ageism (ways in which culture perpetuates stereotypes of the elderly, negative cartoons and jokes/other verbalizations) |
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Term
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Definition
| some elderly withdraw from social responsibilities as society marginalizes them; they feel unwanted |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice and discrimination against the elderly, blatant ageism (deny a person a job due to age), subtle ageism (ways in which culture perpetuates stereotypes of the elderly, negative cartoons and jokes/other verbalizations) |
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Term
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Definition
| some elderly withdraw from social responsibilities as society marginalizes them; they feel unwanted |
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Term
| Modernization Theory of Aging |
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Definition
| realities of the economy make children less dependent upon elderly, do not work, the elderly may become marginal persons as a result of lost social position and prestige |
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Term
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Definition
| study of aging and the elderly, biological changes and attitudes (attitude depends on societal values; America has a dim view of such changes), physical changes (graying of hair, wrinkles, etc), reality (70% of those over 65 report good health, well-to-do people have it better since they can afford preventive care, minority group members are more likely to report bad health) |
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Term
| Social Isolation of the Elderly |
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Definition
| death of a significant other and retirement cause isolation, causes anxiety and loneliness, women suffer more than men (longer life expectancy); isolation is a leading cause of anxiety in the elderly; three-fourths of widows and widowers report loneliness as their most serious problem; families offer the elderly the social contact that is needed (daughters visit more often) |
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Term
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Definition
| society shapes the health of people; people judge their health in relative terms (people with less money can’t afford to go to the hospital or to see a doctor, they often judge if they can afford the healthcare or not); healthy is morally good; cultural standards of health change over time; relates to society’s technology; relates to social inequality (those with more money can afford appliances to be used to make food more healthy to eat, better running water and healthcare) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population; looks at why some diseases are more prevalent in certain parts of the world |
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| Healthcare Around the World |
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Definition
| China (government controls health care operations), Soviet Union (medical care in transition but all citizens have right to medical care), Sweden (compulsory government medical care offered to all), Great Britain (mixture of private and public), Canada (single payer but has two tiered system), Japan (doctors operate privately but there is a combination of private and public programs) |
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Term
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Definition
| some categories of people enjoy better health and well being, direct fee system (the patient pays directly for services provided by a doctor), private insurance (85% of Americans had access to medical care benefits), public insurance programs (Medicare for those over 65; Medicaid for those in poverty; in total, 35% of Americans receive medical attention via some form of gov’t program); health maintenance organizations (HMOs)(an organization that provides comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee |
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Term
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Definition
| interrelationships between people and their environment, how physical environment shapes people’s lives and how people influence the surrounding environment |
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Definition
| natural resources over exploited, most serious threat to the environment comes from consumer class |
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Term
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Definition
| activities involving a large number of people often spontaneous and typically in violation of established social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| organized activities the encourage or discourage social change; organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group/society; the idea of equal rights for everyone (Galileo, Jesus Christ, and the foundation of the United States are some examples |
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Term
| Relative Deprivation Theory |
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Definition
| result of experiencing relative deprivation (the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities; people feeling undesirable and not being able to fit into society or become equal with others that are a part of society |
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Term
| Types of Social Movements |
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Definition
| alternative (least threatening, limited change for limited number of members – planned parenthood), redemptive (induction of focused radical change – some Christian organizations), reformative (limited social change that targets all members of society – equal rights amendment movement), revolutionary (most severe and far-reaching consequences, striving for basic transformation of society – ultra-conservative political movements) |
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Term
| Technology and Social Change |
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Definition
| technology (cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires (changes to cultures, patterns of socialization, social institutions and day-to-day social interactions |
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Definition
| computer technology (last decade witnessed explosion of computer technology around the world (core nations have monopoly on information technology; semi-periphery nations benefiting from outsourcing and global off shoring |
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Definition
| a form of localized collective behavior by which people react to a perceived threat ir other stimulus with irrational, frantic, or often self-destructive behavior |
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Definition
| a form of dispersed collective behavior by which people respond to a real or imagined event with irrational, frantic, and often self-destructive behavior |
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Definition
| – a social pattern favored for a time by a large number of people; fashion characterizes all forms of art and impacts personal appearance and helps make an impression so it needs to be taken into account |
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Definition
| unconventional social patterns that people embrace briefly but enthusiastically |
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Definition
| in constant need of monitoring; genetic engineering, genetically modified foods, human genome, bioterrorism |
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