Term
| RATE OF POPULATION CHANGE DEPENDS ON 4 DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS: |
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Definition
• the birth rate
• the fertility rate
• the death rate
• migration |
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Term
| CHANGES IN THE BIRTH RATE |
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Definition
Been in decline for some time.
In 1901: over 1 million births
But in 2013: just under 700,000 births |
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Term
EXPLANATIONS FLR THE DECLINE IN BIRTH RATE BETWEEN 1900 and 2000
1. Changes in the position of women |
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Definition
• legal equality with men, including the right to vote
• increased educational opportunities (girls now do better than boys)
• more women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination (feminisation of the economy and workforce 60s and 70s)
• changes in attitudes to family life and women's role (Wilkinson, 1994, 'genderquake')
• easier access to divorce
• access to abortion and reliable contraception, giving women more control over their fertility |
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Term
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE DECLINE IN BIRTH RATE BETWEEN 1900 and 2000
2. Decline in the infant mortality rate (IMR) |
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Definition
- if many infants die, parents have more children to replace those they have lost. If they survive, parents will have fewer of them.
1900: over 15% of babies died within their first year
• improved housing and better sanitation
• better nutrition, inc that of mothers
• better knowledge of hygiene, child health and welfare, often spread via women's magazines
• fall in the no. of women working may have improved their health and that of their babies
• improved services for mothers and children, such as antenatal/postnatal clinics
FROM 1950s: mass immunization against childhood diseases such as whooping cough.
• wider use of antibiotics
• improved midwifery
2007: IMR fallen to 5 |
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Term
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE DECLINE IN BIRTH RATE BETWEEN 1900 and 2000
3. Children have become an economic liability |
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Definition
Until 19th century: children were economic assets to their parents because they could be sent out to work
• laws banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising the school leaving age = children remain economical dependent on parents for longer
• changing norms about what children have a right to expect from their parents in material terms mean that the cost of bringing up children has risen.
Commercialisation of childhood. |
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Term
| FUTURE TRENDS IN BIRTH RATES |
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Definition
Slight increase in births since 2001
• one reason is the increase in immigration - on average, mothers from outside the UK have a higher fertility rate than those born in the UK
(Babies born to mothers from outside the UK accounted for 22% of all births in 2005) |
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Term
| CHANGES IN THE FERTILITY RATE |
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Definition
TFR: 1900 - 3.5 children
2012 - 1.94 |
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Term
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE GENERAL DECLINE IN FERTILITY RATES TOWARDS THE ENDS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
1. Reliable birth control |
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Definition
1961: contraceptive pill became widely available through the NHS, gave women more control over reproduction
2014: around 2 million women were using the pill |
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Term
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE GENERAL DECLINE IN FERTILITY RATES TOWARDS THE ENDS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
2. Feminisation of the economy |
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Definition
Effected women's attitudes towards childbearing.
• some choosing to wait until later in life to have children because they are prioritising careers and economic independence |
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Term
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FERTILITY
1. The family |
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Definition
Smaller families = more opportunities for women to go out to work - thus creating the dual earner couple
2013: only 14% of nuclear families had more than two children
However: better off couples may be able to have larger families and still afford childcare that allows them both to work full-time |
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Term
EFFECTS OF CHANGE IN FERTILITY
2. The dependency ratio |
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Definition
The earnings, savings and taxes of the working population must support the dependent population.
Children make up a large part of the dependent population, so a fall in the number of children reduced the 'burden of dependency' on the working population |
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Term
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FERTILITY
3. Public services and policies |
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Definition
Fewer schools and maternity and child health services may be needed.
Also has implications for the cost of parental leave or the types of housing that need to be built |
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Term
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FERTILITY RATE
4. Voluntary Childlessness |
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Definition
| The Family Policy Studies Centre, 2000: 1 in 5 women aged 40 had not had children |
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Term
| CHANGES IN THE DEATH RATE |
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Definition
Death rate has fallen since 1900.
1900: 19
2007: almost halved to 10 |
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Term
| REASONS FOR THE DECLINE IN DEATH RATE |
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Definition
• improved nutrition (Mckeown,1972- accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates)
• immunisation
• decline in deaths from infection
• Public Health measures and environmental improvements (Clean Air Acts reduced pollution)
• smaller families (reduced the transmission of infection)
• decline of more dangerous manual occupations (e.g. Mining) |
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Term
EFFECTS OF FALL IN DEATH RATES:
RISE IN LIFE EXPECTANCY |
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Definition
England in 1900: Males = 50 and females = 57
England in 2003-5: Males = 76 and females = 81
However!
Still important class, gender and regional differences.
E.g. Females generally live longer than men
E.g. Glasgow Effect |
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Term
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Definition
The average age of the UK is rising.
1971: 34.1 years
2007: 39.6 |
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Term
| CAUSES OF AGEING POPULATION |
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Definition
• increasing life expectancy
• declining infant mortality, hardly anyone does early in life nowadays
• declining fertility - fewer young people being produced in relation to the no. of older people in the population |
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Term
| 6 EFFECTS OF AN AGEING POPULATION |
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Definition
• public services (inc expenditure on health care - older people consume a larger proportion of services)
• one-person pensioner households (account for 14% of all households)
• the dependency ratio (non-working old are economically dependent who need to be provided for (as no. of retired people rises = inc dependency ratio)
• beanpole families (brannen, 2003)
• increase in extended families
- adult children taking in and providing for elderly parents
(Often burden on women)
• Grandparenting - (RIAS study,2012: responsible for saving of nearly 11 billion pounds in childcare costs over a year) |
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Term
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Definition
1950s: large-scale immigration post-WW2 (black Caribbean, followed by south Asians)
One consequence: more ethnically diverse society
2001: minority ethnic groups accounted for 7.9% of the total UK population
However: more left than entered and more Irish than non-White settlers |
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Term
| REASONS INFLUENCING MIGRATION |
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Definition
• 'push' factors such as economic recession and unemployment at home or persecution
• 'pull' factors such as higher wages or better opportunities abroad, studying for educational qualifications, family
• legislation and border controls (e.g. Immigration Acts from UK)
• Globalisation - movements around the globe more easy and affordable |
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