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| Any structure/mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given community. |
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| A longstanding controversy about the effects of biology and social systems on individuals and behaviour |
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| Social expectations that guide behaviour |
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| The criteria people use in assessing their daily lives. Ideas or beliefs about general principles or goals |
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| A group of people within society who share norms, values, beliefs and attitudes that are in some ways different from or opposed to the mainstream culture |
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| The likelihood that different social groups have of obtaining those things society regards as desirable or of suffering those things regarded as undesirable |
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| The process by which an individual learns or internalises the culture of society |
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| The social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life |
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| A social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit |
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| Stands for: Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic |
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| The means by which society tries to ensure that its members behave as other expect them to |
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Theories that focus on small-scale interactions (individuals shape society)
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH |
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Theories that focus on the larger scale (society shapes individuals)
TOP- DOWN APPROACH |
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| Factors that can influence or affect lifestyles. (E.g. Religion/age/ethnicity/gender etc) |
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| The idea that everyone has the same norms and values within a society |
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| The idea that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus + conformity |
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| A term used by feminists to describe a society based on male domination; a system or ideology of male power over women |
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| A person living alone/group living together (sharing bills, meals etc) who share a common cooking pot |
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A social construction.
• culturally-variable and historically-variable |
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| Seeing/judging things in a biased way from the perspective of one particular culture |
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Functionalist term!
The stabilization of adult personality and the idea that adults use the home as a 'haven' to relax and be themselves. This strengthens social stability (see Parsons). |
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| Physical, psychological, sexual or financial violence that takes place within an intimate or family-type relationship and forms a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour. |
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| The role a woman in the nuclear family adopts, according to functionalists. It involves a nurturing and emotive level of care for family members. |
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| The number of people aged over 60 who are divorcing |
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| Families that are less likely to experience horizontal intragenerational ties due to the aging of the population, the change in women's attitudes, the decline in fertility and the availability of divorce. (See Brannen, 2003) |
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| The number of deaths per 1000 of the population over a year |
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| Residents there have very low life expectancy (71 for men, 78 for women) |
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| Refers to the system of family relationships between people in a society or cultural group who are biologically related by blood and descent or have attained the status of relatives via marriage, cohabitation, adoption or fostering. |
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| The process by which parents and other significant family members teach children the culture of the society in which they live. |
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| The physical movement of people and families around the country, usually in search of work. |
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| Concept that suggests that family members no longer live in the same close-knit, rural communities in which they would see each other every day. |
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| The movement of people who had previously lived in the countryside to the towns and cities, usually to find work in factories, mills etc. |
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Usually Marxist concept.
Common characteristic of how workers feel about their jobs. Lack of satisfaction, identification and control - work merely for a wage. |
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| Refers to scientific development in the last 30 years to help men and women, who may for example be experiencing fertility problems, to have children. |
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| Women are the head of the family. Fathers may/may not be present, but if they are they occupy a secondary role. Common in African Caribbean communities in the UK. |
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| A set of dominant ideas that promotes a particular set of family features and virtues as the ideal, aspirational type of family = nuclear family (New Right). |
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Term by Bowlby.
Claimed than an emotional and psychological bond existed between the mother an newly-born child. If that maternal bond was broken (e.g. Mother returned to work) the child would feel deprived of maternal love and experience psychological problems that might be acted out (e.g. Crime and delinquency) |
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Term by New Right, Murray.
Describes a social group that is work shy and dependent on over-generous welfare benefits, which allegedly act as a disincentive to search for a job. |
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| Refers to people regarded as relatives by families who are not related to them by blood, marriage or adoption. (E.g. Close friends or neighbours) |
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| The ways in which lives evolve and change as people experience personal events or rites of passage such as marriage, the birth of a child, divorce or the death of a partner. |
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| The domestic roles/tasks that spouses are primarily responsible for within their married or cohabiting relationship. |
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| DOMESTIC DIVISION OF LABOUR |
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| Refers to the way the couple divides up domestic tasks |
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| The notion that male sociologists have dominated sociological research and often defined what was 'worthy' of study. |
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| The notion that people's experience of social life is not the same: it is not fixed or absolute. It often differs according to their social class, ethnicity etc. |
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| The social disapproval that an individual or group may receive from society when their behaviour is thought to be deviant or immoral. |
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| The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year |
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| The study of population, including birth, death, fertility and infant mortality rates, immigration and emigration, and age structure, as well as the reasons for changes in these. |
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| The relationship between the size of the working population and the non-working/dependent population |
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| Behavior that does not conform to the norms of a society or group |
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| When a person is responsible for two jobs. Usually applied to women who are in paid work but are also responsible for domestic labour. |
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| A marriage in name only, where a couple continues to live under the same roof but as does rate individuals. May occur where divorce is difficult for legal/religious/financial reasons or where a couple decided to stay together for the sake of the children. |
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The idea that people create, maintain or break off relationships depending on the costs and benefits of doing so.
E.g. A person may provide a relative with accommodation (cost) in return for help with childcare (benefit) |
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| The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children women will have during their fertile years. Statistically ages 15-44. |
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| The idea that the structure of the family changes over time in order to meet the needs of the current society. |
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| The number of infants who die before their first birthday, per 1000 live births per year. |
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| The breadwinner or provider role in the family |
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| Living Apart Together (LATs) |
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| Couples who are in a significant relationship but are not married or cohabiting. |
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Modernist perspectives believe that society has a fairly clear-cut, predictable structure and that it's possible to gain true and certain scientific knowledge of how society functions. This knowledge can be used to achieve progress to a better society.
(E.g. Functionalism, Marxism) |
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| The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population, resulting in either a natural increase or a natural decrease. |
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| The difference between the number of immigrants entering a country and the number of emigrants leaving it. |
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| A radical feminist idea that women should live independent of men as the only way to free themselves from the patriarchal oppression of the heterosexual family. |
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The spread of beliefs and practices from one social class to another
(E.g. Young and Wilmott claim the symmetrical family developed first among the m/c and then spread down the class structure eventually to become the norm for the w/c as well) |
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