Term
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Definition
| concerns production + distribution of goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
preindustrial: primary production (hunting, fishing,mining, etc). laissez faire policy
industrial: secondary production (processes raw materials)
Postindustrial: tertiary production (3/4 of US labor force) causes decline of secondary production jobs |
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Term
| 3 Types of economic systems |
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Definition
Capitalism: private property, profit motive, laissez faire, weak unions (only 13% unionized), equality of opportunity (common wealth)
ex: United States
Mixed: mix of public ownership/private property, social welfare, state regulation of subsidization of industry, strong unions (insisred after WWII - marshall plan), equality of condition/opportunity
ex: Germany
Socialism: public ownership (common wealth), human need, state controls means of production, worker’s councils, equality of condition
Ex: mormon communities |
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Term
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Definition
Capitalism: private property, profit motive, laissez faire, weak unions (only 13% unionized), equality of opportunity (common wealth)
ex: United States |
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Term
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Definition
Mixed: mix of public ownership/private property, social welfare, state regulation of subsidization of industry, strong unions (insisred after WWII - marshall plan), equality of condition/opportunity
ex: Germany |
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Term
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Definition
Socialism: public ownership (common wealth), human need, state controls means of production, worker’s councils, equality of condition
Ex: mormon communities |
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Term
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Definition
US would rebuild Germany, only if Germany would strengthen its unions. (This plan was against hitler and an alternative to communism - that's why US wanted it)
required co-determination (workers have 1/2 of votes on corporation) |
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Term
| What is the GDP of the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the GDP of china? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the GDP of the UK? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
made up of core and periphery
ex: US |
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Term
| Core society: United States |
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Definition
core controlled by wealthy elites that own stock in same companies
large companies (like walmart) have assets that are larger than GDP of every nation in the world, except china and US |
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Term
Employmen in core is characterized by...
(didn't get all of these notes) |
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Definition
1. Credentials: critical for hire + promotions
2. Internal labor markets with predictable career paths |
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Term
| Peripherary societies: characterized by what kind of workers? |
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Definition
characterized by petite bourgeouis (old middle class) - people that use income to make their own business, family owned
low wage, no benefits |
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Term
| Definition of a profession |
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Definition
| occupation requiring extensive, systematic knowledge + training |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of a profession |
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Definition
1. theoretical knowledge
2. autonomy in work - freedom from supervision, do work because you like it, have control over own work
3. control over clients
4. code of ethics
5. form association that regulates the conduct of members + Admission to a profession is carefully controlled by existing members |
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Term
| what are the two things that separate PROFESSIONS from other lines of work? |
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Definition
| autonomy + intrinsic reward for work |
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Term
| Definition of unemployment rate |
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Definition
based on people registered with unemployment office
9.5% in state that looked for work |
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Term
| What percent of people need to be unemployed for "full employment"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sources of unemployment (3) |
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Definition
1. shifts in global economy
2. deindustrialization
3. technological intervention |
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Term
| Shifts in the global economy: outsourcing |
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Definition
| lowers cost of labor, less environmental + safety regulation, low taxes + US tax avoidaance |
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Term
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Definition
-loss of skilled, unionized, blue-collered jobs in primary labor market
-significant expansion of low-skill, low-pay jobs in secondary market.
-downsizing in work force, reduce layers of management, decrease number of managers, decrease rank + salary |
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Term
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Definition
| creates small number of high pay, high tech jobs |
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Term
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Definition
CEOs make too much $
10:1
CEO:average worker in China |
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Term
| Economic policy: conservatives |
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Definition
| cut corp. taxes, decrease wages + benefits |
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Term
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Definition
US corp captured by elite
propose:
1. make laws to reduce advantages enjoyed by foreign made products
2. government subsidies + tax incentives to industries with high unemployment potential (ex: alternative energy sources)
3. terminating government subsidies + tax breaks to companies that relocate capital, plant + equip overseas + companies that outsource |
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Term
| Political orientation: radical |
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Definition
MARX
revolution
socialist utopia |
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Term
| Political orientation: liberals |
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Definition
WARD
progressive movement
constitutional democracy |
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Term
| political orientation: conservative |
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Definition
DURKHEIM
maintaining status quo instead of reforming |
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Term
| Political orientation: reactionary |
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Definition
HOBBES
status quo
dictatorship |
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Term
| List theories of power (3) |
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Definition
Pluralists
Power-elite
State-autonomy |
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Term
| Theories of power: Pluralists |
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Definition
DAHL
competing interests + power
everything is balanced, no struggle (business + labor) |
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Term
| Theories of power: Power-elite |
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Definition
MILLS
elite control (business, military, government) |
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Term
| theories of power: state-autonomy |
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Definition
SKOCPOL
bureaucratic ogligarchy
government controls info + policies |
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Term
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Definition
interested in maintaining status quo
ex: NRA, military equip industries |
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Term
| Military industrial complex: what is it comprised of? |
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Definition
EISENHOWER
corporations: black-water -> private army
military: joint chiefs + retired consultants + lobbyists. very rich
congress: senators + representatives in defense-rich districts |
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Term
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Definition
token african americans represented into government (ex: colin powell)
strategically placed to justify status quo |
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Term
What was the average life expectancy in the US in 1900? and in 1990?
why did this change? |
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Definition
1900: 45
1990: 75
better disease control |
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Term
| 5 factors for improvements in health care in 20th century |
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Definition
1. industrial revolution
2. social reforms: distributed wealth to stimulate economic growth, which increases standard of living
AMA+AHA: reforms in medical practice + hospital care
Medical schools: adopted by research universities. prestige, $, science. controlled by AMA
5. Federal government subsidized medicine: med training, research, hospital construction, socialistic education |
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Term
| Sick role: rights and obligations |
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Definition
-health + sickness are socially constructed statuses
-exempt from normal social roles, not held responsible for their condition
-required to get well, should seek cooperate with technically competent practitioners |
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Term
| medicalization of deviance: examples |
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Definition
alcoholism
homosexuality
homicide |
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Term
| Stress -> moderators -> stress outcomes |
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Definition
Stress: life events, jobs, lifestyle
moderators: personality + social support
stress outcomes: anxiety, depression, insomnia |
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Term
| 3 main problems of health care |
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Definition
1. lack of medical insurance: US is the only nation that does not have a comprehensive system of national health care (8% in US have health care)
2. inflation: increase in cost of health care (erodes competitiveness of US firms, chews up 1/2 of gain in real per capita income over past 2 decades, threatens financial stability of americans
Sever shortage of primary care physicians: pediatricians, emergency care, internal medicine, registered nurses, etc)
---why so low? because high stress, low authority |
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Term
| 3 reasons why medical costs is so high? |
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Definition
1. lack of competition among MDs in lucrative specialties (ex: dematology + radiology)
2. too much competition + duplication of facilities among hospitals (excess capacity of cardiovascular surgery units in same area)
3. high consumer demand by patients with good insurance
4. defensive medicine: malpractice insurance (ex: high cost of medical malpractice insurance + ordering unnecessary med tests for insurance rather than legit medical reasons
pharmaceutical + nursing home industries = too much power + influence |
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Term
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Definition
| study of population size, changes, and distribution |
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Term
| Population changes are affected by... (3) |
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Definition
1. birth rate
2. death rate
3. rate of migration |
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Term
| Fertility: definition + simplest measure of |
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Definition
number of children born
simplest measure of: crude birth rate |
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Term
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Definition
| biological maximum number of children that can be born |
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Term
| mortality rate: definition + simplest measure of |
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Definition
number of deaths that occur in population
simplest measure: crude death rate |
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Term
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Definition
movement to particular country
emigration: moving out of a country |
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Term
Crude birth rate equation
US? world? |
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Definition
(number of live births)/(midyear population * 1000)
US=13.8
world=20 |
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Term
crude death rate: equation
US? world? |
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Definition
(number deaths)/(midyear population * 1000)
US: 8.4
world: 8.6 |
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Term
infant mortality rate: equation
US?
world? |
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Definition
(number of deaths)/(number of births * 1000)
US=6.8
world: 3 to 180 |
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Term
| migration rate: equation + US stats |
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Definition
(number immigrants-emigrants)/midyear pop
.2% (does not include illegal immigrants) |
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Term
rate of natural population increase: equation
US stats, world stats |
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Definition
Growth rate/GR
GR = CBR-CDR
US=.54%
world=1.14% |
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Term
Population size: world, US, mexico
when will each double? |
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Definition
world population: 6.8 billion; will be doubled in 61 years
US pop: 307 million; double in 130 years
mexico pop: 110 million; double in 60 years |
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Term
| "doubling time" equation for population |
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Definition
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Term
| Malthus' population theory |
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Definition
unchecked population - grows GEOMETRICALLY (2,4,8,16) + food supply grows AIRTHMETICALLY (1, 2, 3, 4)
natural checks = war, famine, pestilence
INTERVENTION: should delay marriage and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
Population problems result from an inequitable distribution of resources based on the PROFIT MOTIVE (supply and demand) contributions should be made on basis of need and ability
INTERVENTION: harness science + industry to produce bounty for all and redistribute resources equitably |
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Term
| theory of demographic transition |
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Definition
| growth rate of population tends to stabilize once two certain level of economic development is achieved |
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Term
| Population problems: Dependency ratio |
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Definition
children and elderly/adults are dependent
core countries = less than .50
africa: .92 (and growing with AIDS + war) |
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Term
| Population problems: inverted pyramid |
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Definition
many elderly + few children and youth
china and most european countries have this problem |
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Term
| Population problems: baby boomers |
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Definition
(1946-1964)
the demographic "pig in the python" compromises nearly 1/4 of population (ex: social security + health care system)
cannot support them all |
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Term
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Definition
upper size limited by its environmental resources that are necessary to maintain a certain lifestyle
ex: puritans during 1635 (pilgrimage)
japanese during pearl harbor |
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Term
| global consequences of over population |
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Definition
| crowding, food shortages, depletion of resources, conflict |
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Term
| postindustrial societies are organized around... |
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Definition
| the provision of services |
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Term
| the means of production in CAPITALISM is... |
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Definition
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Term
| the means of production is SOCIALISM are... |
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Definition
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Term
| Communism argues that capitalism is fundamentally unjust, because... |
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Definition
| powerful owners take more from laborers (and society) than they give and use their power to maintain the inequalities between workers and owners |
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Term
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Definition
political system
powerful elites exercise total control over the population |
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Term
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Definition
do not hold regular jobs
employment is on demand
Comprise 30-40% of labor force |
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Term
| ______ men are the most likely to be employed; _____ women are least likely` |
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Definition
Hispanic men = most
Hispanic women = least |
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Term
| During WWII, how many (%) more women joined work force? |
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Definition
| went from 35% to 60% since 1948 |
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Term
| How many people are officially employed in world? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first person to suggest that people with disabilities also face issues similar to those of minority groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| date of INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Research and management are controlled by the most developed countries and assembly-line work is performed in nations with less privileged positions in the global economy. |
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Term
| In the "Sociology in Practice" box "Toys Are NOT U.S.," it is noted that: |
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Definition
| the manufacturing of toys is a classic example of the global assembly line that has led to the downsizing of jobs in the U.S. |
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Term
| _____ percent of workers are employed in service industry jobs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sociological theory focuses on how work organizes social bonds between people who interact within work settings and how such workplace interaction shapes the worker's identity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increases in employment among women have been greatest for: |
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Definition
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Term
| Full employment is assumed (by the U.S. Department of Labor and most U.S. economists) to occur when there is an unemployment rate of about__________ percentage. |
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Definition
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Term
| Interlocking directorates |
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Definition
| organizational linkages created when the same people set on the boards of directors of a number of different corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| model of power that views the formation of the "welfare state" as a product of government agencies and officials promoting their own interests independent of others groups such as business, labor or the general public |
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Term
| Which theory of power in society interprets social conflict as the competition between diverse groups that mobilize to promote their interests? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which theory of power in society interprets the social order as controlled by interlocking directorates in business, government, and the military that promote their own interests, regardless of the needs of the general public or welfare of society? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which racial/ethnic groups is disproportionately Republican? |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________, toward the end of the Vietnam War, the all-male draft was ended and an all-volunteer force was initiated in the U.S. armed services. |
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Definition
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Term
| Conflict theorists maintain that a fundamental problem of healthcare is: |
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Definition
| that excessive bureaucratization of the health-care system and privatization lead to excessive cost. |
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Term
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Definition
| The core of the reforms proposed by the Clinton administration (1992-1996) was to be conversion of the entire health system |
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Term
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Definition
| might prolong the life of a patient in a coma but offer no hope of recovery is |
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