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| the study of human behavior in society |
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| an established, organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose |
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| According to C. Wright Mills, the specific task of sociology is to... |
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| enable people to comprehend the whole of human society its personal and public dimensions; historical and contemporary, and its influence on the lives of human beings. |
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| The Enlightenment's influence on the development of modern sociology... |
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| The spread of socialism, the influence of religion as a system of authority and law, and its faith in the ability of human reason to solve society's problems. |
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| Emile Durkheim conceptualized social facts as... |
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| Social patterns that are external to individuals |
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| William Graham Sumner believed that... |
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| Sociology had the ability as a discipline to address society's problems |
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| Charles Horton Cooley theorized that individual identity developed through... |
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| people's understanding of how they are perceived by others |
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| Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction |
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| Robert K. Merton referred to the unintended consequences of behavior as... |
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| conflict perspective, the source of social change is... |
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| power struggles between conflicting groups. |
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| The organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society |
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| Sociological research derives from the research procedure that Sir Francis Bacon defined as... |
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| Weaknesses of Participant observation |
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| time-consuming, the researcher often must recall data from vast amounts of their notes, and such studies usually focus on fairly small groups, thus care must be taken not to generalize too widely. |
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| According to the text. the finding that the number of women reporting physical assaults by their husbands goes up on Super Bowl Sunday may lead to the erroneous conclusion that watching the Super Bowl causes husbands to be violent. This correlation is an example of a __________/ __________ correlation. |
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| The central premise of sociology is that human behavior is largely shaped by... |
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| Social Facts (properties of group life that exist outside the individual and act t shape and constrain peoples' thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
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| Social Darwinists such as Spencer and Sumner believe that... |
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| those at the top of society are there because of their natural superiority |
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| "Let it be understood that we cannot go outside of this alternative: liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; not-liberty, equality, survival of the unfittest."This statement is associated with which of the following? |
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Definition
| Sumner, Laissez-faire, and social darwinism |
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| Thomas' Theorem: "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" is a key assumption in the ________ perspective(s). |
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| Valued resources are scarce and people struggle with one another to acquire them. |
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| Conflict + interactionist perspective |
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| functionalist perspective |
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| societies are bonded (held together) by consensus (shared agreements) and interdependent (mutually dependent) relationships. |
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| Ability to see societal patterns that influence individual + group life. See true interests and values; therefore, choose wisely where your political and social place is. |
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| Wrote "The Sociological Imagination." Said that the task of society was to understand relationship between individual and the society in which they lived. Need to know historical and social background before understanding person or group. |
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Troubles: Privately felt problems from events in individual's life
Issues: Affect large numbers of people |
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| Organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions |
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| Dynamics of organized relationships - how they are formed, maintained, and changed |
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| social hierarchu - ethnicity, race, etc. |
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Suicide study. Men more commonly commit suicide than women. Age positively correlates with suicide rates. Whites commit suicide more commonly than blacks. protestants more than catholics. divorced have higher rates than married couples. married couples with kids, less. THESE ARE ALL SOCIAL FACTS.
Durkheim determined that the strength of an individual's bond to family and community is the most crucial social fact affecting suicide! |
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| Altruistic, Fatalistic, Egoistic, and Anomic |
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| beneficial to society. example: Japanese warriors - suicide=honor |
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| results from helplessness and sense of powerlessness. example: prisoners and slaves |
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| Suicide results from social isolation. Example: college freshman. do not have bonds with people or constraints |
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| Rules of social behavior are unclear, sense of disorder. example: berlin/russians ~ nazis killed selves. |
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| Three types of revolution |
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| Political, industrial, and scientific |
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| American Revolution (1775-1783) |
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| Political Revolution, Based on French Enlightenment~natural right to freedom; threatens monarchs. Primary motivation to immigrate = $. Increase tax to pay for war. End british rule over colonies. |
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| The French Revolution (1789-1799) |
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Political revolution. French society = corrupt. Cannot rebuild society over night. 1800 - Napoleon became dictator to restore order. Wanted to figure out how society becomes enslaved.
THOMAS HOBBES - human nature is inheritently selfish. powerful institutions (monarchy, etc) are necessary to retrain human nature to make possible civilized nature |
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| THOMAS HOBBES - human nature is inheritently selfish. powerful institutions (monarchy, etc) are necessary to retrain human nature to make possible civilized nature |
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| The Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
| Mass production, moving to cities, hash working conditions, pollution, crap products, child labor. capitalists have all power. |
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| The Scientific Revolution |
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Definition
Sir Francis Bacon - Scientific Method. Assumes there is a pattern to the universe and events that occur in it.
POSITIVISM: (Comte) social world can be studied scientifically. Scientific method to study humanity |
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| Comte. Social World can be studied scientifically. scientific method to study humanity |
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How are societies bonded together? Came up with POSITIVISM.
COMTE WAS A FUNCTIONALIST. |
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Believes he was the best of species. Fed poor, bad to help people, because helping unfit. Top of society = fittest. Laissez Faire = Let nature take its course.
SPENCER WAS A FUNCTIONALIST |
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Radical. Poverty and inequality are manmade conditions. Believes that Women should have right to vote + in the social security program.
Study human society and history. How can be with nature? How do people make their living?
ECONOMIC DETERMINISM - economic order provides the foundation for all of society's other institutions. Believed in a society where people contribute willingly and take only what they need.
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS – Misidentifying place in society, associating with those that exploit
RELIGION provides sense of FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS and allows people to exploit – OPIATE OF THE MASSES |
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place in society, associating with those that exploit
RELIGION provides sense of FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS and allows people to exploit – OPIATE OF THE MASSES
DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY – groups struggle over resources, conflict is natural. Thought US could have advanced capitalism |
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| groups struggle over resources, conflict is natural. Thought US could have advanced capitalism |
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Social bonds link members of group. People in society are glued together by belief systems. Social deviance – actions in violence. Society confirms normality by labeling deviants.
Society is subject to be studied separate from the sum of individuals |
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| Weber is the founder of what perspectives? |
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| Interactionist and conflict perspective |
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Democratic society designed after US and GB in Germany. Versailles Treaty makes Germany fall. Germany takes blame for WWII, pay reparations.
Believed in scientific method. Need to put yourself in other peoples’ shoes to understand society and behavior – INTERACTIONISM
Social life filled with conflict and struggles. Religion is important in economic systems
Ideology = extremely powerful |
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| Dictator. 2 problems: Versailles, reparations bankrupting economy. Internal problem: Jewish people - #1 scapegoat since 70 AD. |
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| large numbers of people, property, $ to accomplish tasks |
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| primary moving force of capitalist system - belief in hard work, self discipline, individualism |
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| Set of beliefs explain social arrangements |
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corrputions of true doctrine - protested - excommunicated
purchasing of indulgences - pay for spot in heaven - forgiveness of sin.
sin of usery - charging people too much
"just price" determined by civil and church officials - acceptable price for standard of living |
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| 3 estates of medieval/futile period |
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clergy - pray for souls. well fed + clothes - no labor. leisure
Nobility - protectors of society. military. no labor. leisure
Commoners - 90+% of population. manual labor |
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| established system of libraries, increased literacy. |
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| owned control of government, means of production, dictated policy. senators elected by state legislators. monopolies - drove all competition out of business. people were very poor, esp. miners. |
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| Promoted public education, womens suffrage, quality products, child labor laws, sanitation laws, labor unions, prohibition, etc. |
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Against social darwinism, because no empirical basis of support
opportunity - need to have opportunity for young people willing to do well in society. public education! |
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RADICAL
Society = beyond change
Socialist utopia
radical revolution - blood
people aren't bad! society just corrupts! |
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LIBERAL
reform
need change
constitutional democracy |
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Status quo
constitutional democracy |
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People = bad
strong leaders (dictators) needed
strong constraints
status quo ante
dictatorship |
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| List 3 Sociological Frameworks |
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Definition
FUNCTIONALISM – Society is stable. Objective. Fixed social roles. Inequality = inevitable. Social order – consensus. Social change – reach equilibrium. Conservative, underplays power differences.
CONFLICT THEORY – Society is hierarchy. Objective. Individuals are slaves to society. Inequality = struggle over resources. Social order – cohesion and power. Social change – conflict and struggle. Understates the degree of cohesion and stability.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION – imaginary society. Subjective. Individuals and society are independent. Inequality demonstrated with symbols. Social order – collective belief. Social change – relationships. Weak analysis of inequality. Too subjective! |
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| Society is stable. Objective. Fixed social roles. Inequality = inevitable. Social order – consensus. Social change – reach equilibrium. Conservative, underplays power differences. |
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| Society is hierarchy. Objective. Individuals are slaves to society. Inequality = struggle over resources. Social order – cohesion and power. Social change – conflict and struggle. Understates the degree of cohesion and stability. |
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| imaginary society. Subjective. Individuals and society are independent. Inequality demonstrated with symbols. Social order – collective belief. Social change – relationships. Weak analysis of inequality. Too subjective! |
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| Social action + intervention, womens rights, poor, child labor, refused nobel peace prize, hull house |
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| African american. civil rights movement, formed NAACP. social policy and intervention |
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| List 4 types of knowledge |
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Definition
TRADITIONAL – (weber) – It is custom; therefore, it is true.
CHARISMATIC – Person had special powers + insight; therefore, what they say is true. Example: Roman followers – Jesus. Need followers to be taken seriously.
EXPERIMENTAL – based on personal observation + first hand experience. “I saw it, have done it; therefore, it is true.”
SCIENTIFIC – empirical. Scientific method. Logic and ethic. SIR FRANCIS BACON |
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Term
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Definition
| (weber) – It is custom; therefore, it is true. |
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| Person had special powers + insight; therefore, what they say is true. Example: Roman followers – Jesus. Need followers to be taken seriously. |
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| based on personal observation + first hand experience. “I saw it, have done it; therefore, it is true.” |
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| empirical. Scientific method. Logic and ethic. SIR FRANCIS BACON |
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| Logic of cause and effect |
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Correlation – A @ B not causation alone
Temporal order – A before B
Nonrandom – A @ B is not accidental. Have others found similar patterns?
Nonspurious – A @ B is not caused by another variable. |
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Definition
EXPERIMENTAL – Can control cause/effect. Example: porn and violence. IV: type of film (porn- consensual or not) DV: Willingness to punish other people
SURVEY – Questionnaires and interviews. Questions are difficult to write, time consuming interviews, biased if interviewers not trained. People can lie; socially desired response, memory decay: people forget/distort memories.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES – Most difficult. Need to use deception. Need to avoid “going native,” becoming like them. Need good memory and observational skills.
ARCHIVAL/EXISTING RECORDS – test hypothesis using old data. Collected by nonscientists, so unanswered questions. Biased organization records, to make them look good. |
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| Experimental research designs |
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Definition
| Can control cause/effect. Example: porn and violence. IV: type of film (porn- consensual or not) DV: Willingness to punish other people |
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| Questionnaires and interviews. Questions are difficult to write, time consuming interviews, biased if interviewers not trained. People can lie; socially desired response, memory decay: people forget/distort memories. |
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Definition
| Most difficult. Need to use deception. Need to avoid “going native,” becoming like them. Need good memory and observational skills. |
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| ARCHIVAL/EXISTING RECORDS |
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Definition
| test hypothesis using old data. Collected by nonscientists, so unanswered questions. Biased organization records, to make them look good. |
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Term
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Definition
Society = organism
Macro - entire societies, religion, organization, etc. Made up of subsystems and parts.
Social bonds - people depend on each other. agreement in norms and viewpoints
Queries - Conservative
Founders: COMTE, SPENCER, DURKHEIM, PARSONS |
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Society – Arena: groups and individuals compete for resources
Level of analysis: macro - entire societies, religion, organization, etc. Made up of subsystems and parts.
Social Bonds – Coercion, subtle mind control. Find benefits.
Founders – MARX, WEBER, MILLS |
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Definition
Society – social mosaic: society=label for conflict. Complex social interaction. Can predict interaction well.
Level of analysis: Micro – group relationships, cliques, small groups, etc.
Social bonds – symbolic interaction (shared definitions of social reality) – share definitions of time and realtity.
Queries: How do individual and small groups interact with society?
Founders: WEBER, MEAD, COOLEY, THOMAS(People act on perception, not reality. Bias, baggage, define situation. And behavior) |
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| Founders of Functionalism |
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Definition
Comte
Spencer
Durkheim
Parsons |
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| Founders of Conflict theory |
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Definition
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| Founders of interactionism |
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Definition
1. Define the problem – What are you studying?
2. Review the literature – look @ past research
3. Formulate hypothesis – What causes what?
4. Choose a research design – relates to problem, which is best? What resources do you have?
5. Collect data
6. Analyze the results and draw a conclusion
7. Write a report |
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| set of statements that explain relationship between phenomena or events |
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| look @ multiple indicators and their effect on DV |
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