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Sociology Chapters 1-4
Sociology
108
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/09/2016

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Term
sociology
Definition
is the study of what people in formal and informal organizations, institutions, communities, states and other social structures do, think and feel with, for, against and about others.
Term
1) scientific study
2) Human Society
3) social behavior
Definition
what are the three things that make up sociology?
Term
1)methods
2)concepts and theories
3)values
Definition
what are the three elements of science?
Term
1) field observations (ethnography)
2) Surveys (generalizability) (correlation-spurious)
3)existing data
4)experiment
Definition
what 4 things make up method?
Term
1) universalism
2) communalism
3) objectivity
4) organized skeptism
Definition
what are the 4 things that make up concepts and theories?
Term
universalism
Definition
impersonal criteria
Term
communalism
Definition
science belongs to all of us; publish results and share with the world and anyone else can replicate
Term
objectivity
Definition
politically and morally neutral
Term
organized skepticism
Definition
never really got down to the bottom of anything (critical thinking-->ask questions; get to the bottom of it; admit error)
Term
ethics
a.Privacy and dignity
b.Personal harm  Milgram Experiment = not okay! (shocking people)
c.Confidentiality
d.Informed consent
Definition
the one part of value
Term
human society
Definition
A group of interacting individuals sharing the same territory and participating in a common social structure
Term
social structure
Definition
this equals rules and resources
adherence= okay/success
violations=consequences
Term
i.Feudal (landless peasants)
ii.Developing (middle-class)
iii.Industrial (people are doing better than middle-class)
Definition
what are the 3 social structures?
Term
social behavior
Definition
agency vs structure falls underneath which of the 3 things that encompasses what sociology is made up of?
Term
agency
Definition
free will
Term
structure
Definition
rules and resources
Term
agency vs. structure
Definition
enables and constrains
Term
social imagination
Definition
the ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that help to shape the,
Term
1) Be willing to ask any question, no matter how difficult
2) think logically and be clear
3) back up your arguments with evidence
4) think about the assumptions ad biases--including your own--that underlie all studies
5) avoid anecdotal evidence
6) be willing to admit when you are wrong or uncertain about your results
Definition
what are the six rules to think critically?
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
start with theory to test data (qualitative)
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
start with data to test theory (quantitative)
Term
functionalist view
Definition
this macro view believes a. (all linked together)—economy, legal-judicial, education, polity, religion, family
i. Everything is interdependent and independent of each other
b. Big themes: system survival and system stability-->order makes society functional
Term
structural functionalism
Definition
a theory that seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of the roles performed by different social structures, phenomena, and institutions
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
person of structural functionalism
Term
karl marx
Definition
person of social conflict
Term
max weber and george herbert mead
Definition
two people for symbolic interactionism
Term
manifest functions
Definition
functions of an object, an institution, or a phenomenon that are obvious and intended
Term
latent functions
Definition
functions of an object, an institution, or a phenomenon that are not recognized or expected
Term
functionalist
Definition
this person would say that culture creates structure, but also emphasizes on that structure complements the culture
Term
functionalism
Definition
explanatory motif=constraint
Term
conflict perspective
Definition
explanatory motif=power
Term
conflict perspective
Definition
used with this perspective- have and have nots
Term
i. Because there would be lesser views and make elections more efficient and not have to register women
ii. Women will vote on things that do not affect men as much
iii. Do not want to burden women with learning how to vote
Definition
Why would it be functional for women not to vote? (functionalist view)
Term
i. Giving women the right to vote, they would have to make changes to make certain votes more specific to women
ii. Not wanting women to have power
iii. Objective is to maintain your power
iv. The more money you have means the lesser money someone else has
Definition
conflict perspective on why we shouldnt let women vote
Term
functionalism and conflict perspective
Definition
both of these focus on structure/answers why but not how
Term
symbolic interactionism
Definition
explanatory motif=autonomy
Term
symbolic interactionism
Definition
focuses on culture
Term
social conflict paradigm
Definition
a theory that seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of the conflict that is built into social relations
Term
social conflict theory
Definition
key weakness in this paradigm is that it overlooks the forces of stability, equilibrium, and consensus in society
Term
symbolic interactionism
Definition
a microsociological perspective that posits that both the individual self and society as a whole are the products of social interactions based on language and other symbols
Term
symbolic interactionism
Definition
social patterns maintained and changed by people interacting
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
a worldview whereby one judges other cultures by the standards of one's own culture and regards one's own way of life as "normal" and better than others
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
the process of taking an existing theory and logically deducing that if the theory is accurate, we should discover other patterns of behavior consistent with it
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
the process of generalizing to an entire category of phenomena from a particular set of observations
Term
objectivity
Definition
the ability to represent the object of study
Term
fieldwork
Definition
a research method that relies on in-depth and often extended study of a group or community
Term
1) personality
2) culture
3) values
Definition
later socialization is important too for these 3 reasons?
Term
that babies need nutured and loved
Definition
harlow's experiment with monkeys say what?
Term
culture
Definition
the beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group
Term
material culture
Definition
the physical objects that are created, embraced, or consumed by society that help shape people's lives
Term
nonmaterial culture
Definition
the abstract creations of human cultures, including language and social practices
Term
beliefs
Definition
particular ideas that people accept as true
Term
values
Definition
general ideas about what is good, right, or just in a culture
Term
norms
Definition
culturally shared rules governing social behavior ("oughts" and "shoulds")
Term
folkways
Definition
fairly weak norms that are passed down from the past, the violation of which is generally not considered serious within a particular culture
Term
mores
Definition
strongly held norms, the violation of which seriously offends the standards of acceptable conduct of most people within a particular culture
Term
taboos
Definition
powerful mores, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable within a particular culture
Term
laws
Definition
codified norms or rules of behavior
Term
ideal culture
Definition
the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society profess to embrace
Term
real culture
Definition
the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society actually embrace and exhibit
Term
anticipatory socialization
Definition
to anticipate coming into a certain role
Term
systematic socialization
Definition
you are given a role of your identity (military for example)
Term
coerce socialization
Definition
same clothes, number
Term
cultural inconsistency
Definition
a contradiction between the goals of ideal culture and the practices of real culture
Term
doxic
Definition
taken for granted as "natural" or "normal" in society
Term
etic perspective
Definition
the perspective of the outside observer
Term
emic perspective
Definition
the perspective of the insider, the one belonging to the cultural group in question
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
a worldview whereby the practices of a society are understood sociologically in terms of that society's norms and values, and not the norms and values of another society
Term
subcultures
Definition
cultures that exist together with a dominant culture but differ in some important respects from that dominant culture
Term
counterculture
Definition
subcultural groups whose norms, values, and practices deviates from those of the dominant culture
Term
multiculturalism
Definition
a commitment to respecting cultural differences rather than trying to submerge them into a larger, dominant culture
Term
high culture
Definition
the music, theater, literature, and other cultural products that are held in particularly high esteem in society
Term
popular culture
Definition
the entertainment, culinary, and athletic tastes shared by the masses
Term
habitus
Definition
the internalization of objective probabilities and subsequent expression of those probabilities as choice.
(ex.- the _______ of a young upper-middle-class person makes the choice of going to college almost unquestionable)
Term
global culture
Definition
a type of culture-- some would say U.S. culture--that has spread across the world in the form of hollywood films, fast-food restaurants, and popular music heard in virtually every country
Term
socialization
Definition
the process by which people learn the culture of their society
Term
true
Definition
according to Genie, would was isolated from the world, her behavior remained severely underdeveloped for the rest of her life, she had little control, and she never spoke beyond the level of a 4-year-old. true or false
Term
true
Definition
true or false: children raised in isolation fail to develop complex language, abstract thinking, notions of cooperation and sharing,or even a sense of themselves as people; they dont develop the hallmarks of what we know as humanity
Term
behaviorism
Definition
a psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards ad punishments on human behavior
Term
social learning
Definition
the way people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments
Term
looking glass self
Definition
the concept developed by charles horton COOLEY that our self-image results from how we interpret other people's views of us
Term
1) preparatory stage
2) play stage
3) game stage
4) generalized other stage (adult stage)
Definition
Mead's stages of development (4)
Term
preparatory stage
Definition
someone is trying to do something to you and you realize that something is going back and forth (one of the stages of development from mead)
Term
play stage
Definition
kid is a bumblebee—buzzed the entire time; only ate bumblebee things; in this stage you realize that you can adopt another identity—take on roles of other things (one of the stages of development from mead)
Term
game stage
Definition
tag- someone goes out of bounds—and you can’t do that—there are rules (one of the stage of development from mead)
Term
adult stage or generalized other stage
Definition
I can’t behave this way because people don’t expect me to do that (one of the stages of development from mead)
Term
primary groups
Definition
small groups characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment
Term
secondary groups
Definition
groups that are large and impersonal and characterized by fleeting relationships
Term
reference groups
Definition
groups that provide standards for judging our attitudes and behaviors (you think of your friends reactions if you would do something, thereby you make decisions based off how others would react)
Term
I
Definition
according to George Herbert Mead, the part of the self that is the impulse to act; it is creative, innovative, unthinking, and largely unpredictable
Term
me
Definition
according to george herbet mead, the part of the self through which we see ourselves as others see us
Term
role-taking
Definition
the ability to take the roles of others in interactions
Term
significant other
Definition
according to george herbet mead, the specific people who are important in children's lives and whose views have the greatest impact on the children's self-evaluations
Term
generalized other
Definition
the abstract sense of society's norms and values by which people evaluate themselves
Term
cognitive development
Definition
the theory, developed by jean paget, that an individual's ability to make logical decisions increases as the person grows older
Term
egocentric
Definition
experiencing the world as if it were centered entirely on oneself
Term
Id
Definition
according to Sigmund Freud, the part of the mind that is the repository of basic biological drives and needs
Term
Ego
Definition
according to sigmund freud, the part of the mind that is the "self", the core of what is regarded as a person's unique personality
Term
superego
Definition
according to sigmund freud, the part of the mind that consists of the values and norms of society, insofar as they are internalized, or taken in, by the individual
Term
total institutions
Definition
institutions that isolate individuals from the rest of society in order to achieve administrative control over most aspects of their lives (prisons, military, hospitals)
Term
resocialization
Definition
the process of altering an idividual's behavior through control of his or her environment, for example, within a total institution (think basic training)
Term
dramaturgical approach
Definition
developed by Erving Goffman, the study of social interaction as if it were governed by the practices of theatrical performance
Term
presentation of self
Definition
the creation of impressions in the minds of others in order to define and control social situations
Term
culture
Definition
the key to our behavior
Term
h. Diffusion in cultures can spread by immigration, media, tourism, military presence in another country, internet (virtual social networks), government- interlocks—colonialism (ex.- india and great Britain—direct tie between the two; india is neocolonialism; spain and latin America- all former colonies), trade (imports and exports), exploration (thinking historically), missionary work
Definition
how do diffusions in culture spread?
Term
i. Sapir-whorf hypothesis
Definition
1. The idea of linguistic relativity

a. Eskimos see snow a lot more differently

b. People in the amazon rain forest can see shades of green that someone not from the amazon rain forest cannot see

c. If you have a word that is attached to the idea—the word conceives the cognitive capacity to consider it
Term
framing
Definition
d. People from south are asked what was the reason of the civil war: keeping states rights

e. People for north asked same question: fighting to end

f. Way to galvanize people to follow an idea, is to _____ collective action in a way that resonates with the broader culture
Term
ethnomethodology
Definition
a sociological method used to study the body of commonsense knowledge and procedures by which ordinary members of a society make sense of their social circumstances and interaction
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