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| scientific study of human social life, groups and societies |
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| difficulties that are located in individual biographies and their immediate milieu, a seemingly private experience |
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| difficulties or problems that are linked to the institutional and historical posibilites of social structure |
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| application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions. someone using this thinks himself away from the familiar routines of daily life |
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| the two way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society |
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sociology must study social facts. society is way more important that individual acts
ideas or values human beings hold are main source of social change |
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| the aspects that shape our actions as individuals |
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| the social cohesion thaat results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole |
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| the conditioning influence on our behavior by the groups and societies of which we are members |
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| referred to situation in which soical norms lose their hold over individual behavior |
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| social change is prompted primarily by economic influences. battle between rich and poor is motivation for historical development |
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| materialist conception of history |
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| material or economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change |
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| economic system based on the private ownership of wealth which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit |
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| economic factors are important but ideas and values have just as much effect on social change |
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| developed by george hebert mead which empasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction |
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| one item used to stand for or represent another |
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| theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform... the contributions they make to the continuity of a society |
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| the functions of a particular social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity |
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| functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occure |
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| a body of thought deriving its main elements from karl marxs ideas |
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| ability of individals or the member sof a group to achieve aims or further the interest they hold. very persuasive element |
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| shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the intersts of dominant groups |
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| advocacy of rights of women to be equal with men in all sphers of life |
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| the belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress |
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| study of human behavior in contexts of face to face interaction |
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| study of large scale groups, organizations or social systems |
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| disciplined marshaling of empirical data combined with teoretical approaches and theories that illuminate or explain those data. |
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| factual inquiry carried out in any area of sociologicla study |
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| questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact rather than teoretical or moral issues |
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| questions concerned with drawing comparisons between different human societies for the purposes of sociological theory or research |
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| questions that sociologists pose when looking at the origins and path of development of social institutions from the past to teh present |
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| questions posed by sociologists when seeking to explain a particular range of observed events |
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| firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing |
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| a trial run in survery research |
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| a way of calculating the spread of a group of figures |
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| the range or distribution of a set of figures |
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| use of multiple research methods as way of producing more reliabel empirical data than are available from 1 single mehtod |
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| values norms and material goods characteristic of a given group |
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| ideals by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good and bad. |
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| rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior ina a given range of social situations |
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| system of interrelationships that connects individual together |
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| acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on values and norms of dominant culture |
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| viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life |
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| tendency to loook at other cultures through eyes of ones own culture and thereby misrepresent them |
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| practice of judging a society by its own standards |
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| values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures |
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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| hypothesis based on they theories of edward sapir and benjamin lee whorf tat perceptions are relative to language |
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| any vehicule of meaning and communication |
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| study of ways in which lingusitic and nonlingusitic phenomena can generate meaning |
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| social processes through which we develop awareness of social norms and values and achieve a sense of social self |
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| human thought processes involving perception reasoning and remembering |
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| basis of self consciousness in humans |
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| awareness of ones distinct social identity as a person seperate from others |
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| general values and moral rules of the culture in which they are developing |
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| birth... age two. infants learn mainly by touching objects manipulating them adn physically exploring their environment |
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| two... seven. child has advanced sufficiently to master basic modes of logical thought |
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| children are like this during preoperational stage they uderstand objects and events in the environment solely in terms of their own position |
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| concrete operational stage |
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| seven... eleven child thinking is based primarily on physical perception of the world |
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| eleven to fifteen. the growing child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situations |
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| ongoing process of self development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a uniques sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us |
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| various transitons and stages people experience during their lives. childhood... teenager... young adulthood... middle age... old age |
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| those who study aging and the elderly |
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young old
old old
oldest old |
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| discrimination or prejudice against a person on the grounds of age |
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| the process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one anotehr that they are aware of each others presence |
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| study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day to day social interaction |
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| deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation |
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| collection fo people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another |
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| people who share a common characteristic but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another |
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| a a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity |
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| a leader who is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose therby changing the nature of the group itself |
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| a leader who is concerned with accomplishing the groups tasks getting group members to do their jobs and making certain that the group achieves its goals |
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| human resource management |
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| a style of management that regards a companys workforce as vital to its economic competitiveness |
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| the social knowlede and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence |
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