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Definition
| Used macro- and micro- sociology to study high school gangs and found that social structure and interaction explained the patterns of behavior in these groups (p. 105) |
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| Identified mechanical and organic solidarity as the keys to social cohesion (p. 96) |
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| The founder of ethnomethodology, he conducted experiments in order to uncover people's background assumptions. (p. 104) |
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Definition
| Developed dramaturgy, the perspective within symbolic interactionism that views social life as a drama on the stage (p. 101) |
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| Anthropologist who found that personal space varied from one culture to another and that North Americans use four different distance zones. (p. 97) |
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| W.I. Thomas and Dorothy S. Thomas |
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Definition
| Stated, "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." (p. 104) |
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Definition
| Analyzed different types of societies that existed before and after industrialization. Used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to describe the two types of societies. (p. 96) |
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| George Arquitt and Elaine Fox |
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Definition
| Studied local posts of the VFW and found three types of members and evidence of the iron law of oligarchy. (p. 114) |
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Definition
| Famous for his research on conformity to group pressure. (p. 12) |
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| John Darley and Bibb Latane |
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Definition
| Investigated what impact the size of the group has on individual members' attitudes and behaviors. Found that as the group grew in size, individuals' sense of responsibility diminished, their interactions became more formal, and the larger group tended to break down into smaller ones. (p. 125) |
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| Lloyd Howells and Selwyn Becker |
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Definition
| Found that factors such as location within a group underlie people's choices of leaders. (p. 126) |
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Definition
| Coined the term groupthink to refer to the tunnel vision that a group of people sometimes develop. (p. 129) |
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Definition
| Studied the invisible corporate culture which for the most part continually reproduces itself by promoting those workers who fit the elite's stereotypical views (p. 123) |
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Definition
| Criticized Milgram's research on social network's. Did not find evidence for the "small world phenomenon." (p. 117) |
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| Ronald Lippitt and Ralph White |
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Definition
| Carried out a classic study on leadership styles and found that the style of leadership affected the behavior of group members (p. 126) |
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Definition
| Observed that the traits of in-groups become viewed as virtues, while those same traits in out-groups are seen as vices. (p. 115) |
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Definition
| First used the therm "the iron law of oligarchy" to describe the tendency for the leaders of an organization to become entrenched in a collective tunnel vision (p. 114) |
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Definition
| His research has contributed greatly to sociological knowledge of group life. Also did research on social networks and on individual conformity to group pressure. (p. 117, p. 128) |
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Definition
| Coined the term McDonaldization of society to describe the increasing standardization of modern social life. (p. 119) |
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Definition
| This early sociologist was one of the first to note the significance of group size; he used the terms dyad and triad to describe the smallest groups. (p. 124) |
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Definition
| Studied the rationalization of society by investigating the link between Protestantism and capitalism and identified the characteristics of bureaucracy. (p. 118) |
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Definition
| Observed that an act is not deviant in and of itself, but only when there is a reaction to it. (p. 134) |
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Definition
| demonstrated the power of the label in his study of two youth gangs- the Saints and the Roughnecks (p. 141) |
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| Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin |
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Definition
| Identified the illegitimate opportunity structures that are woven into the texture of life in urban slums and provide an alternative set of opportunities for slum residents when legitimate ones are blocked. (p. 142) |
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| Noted the functions that deviance has for social life. (p. 142) |
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| Anthropologist who reported how differently human groups react to similar behaviors. (p. 135) |
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Definition
| Wrote about the role of stigma in the definition of who or what is deviant (p. 134) |
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Definition
| In order to understand the effectiveness of inner controls, Hirschi studied the strength of bonds an individual has to society. (p. 139) |
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Definition
| Did participant observation in a lower-class Chicano neighborhood in Chicago and discovered how associating with people who have a certain concept of "honor" can propel young men to deviance. (p. 138) |
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Definition
| Developed strain theory to explain patterns of deviance within a society. (p. 142) |
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Definition
| Developed control theory, suggesting that our behavior is controlled by two different systems, one external (outer controls like the police, family, and friends) and the other internal (inner controls like our conscience, religious principles, and ideas of right and wrong) (p. 139) |
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Definition
| Not only developed differential association theory, but was the first to study and give a name (white collar crime) to crimes that occur among the middle class in the course of their work. (p. 137) |
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| Gresham Sykes and David Matza |
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Definition
| Studied the different strategies delinquent boys use to deflect society's norms-techniques of neutralization. (p. 139) |
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Definition
| Argued that mental illness represents the medicalization of deviance (p. 156) |
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Definition
| Studied motorcycle gangs and found that they actively embraced the deviant label (p. 141) |
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