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Sociology a Down to Earth Approach
Ch.4, 8-10
75
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
10/10/2011

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Term
macrosociology
Definition
focuses on broad features of society (used by functionalists and conflict theorists)
Term
microsociology
Definition
focuses on social interaction (used by symbolic interactionists)
Term
social interaction
Definition
what people do when they are in one another's presence/behavior between people that is given meaning by them
Term
society
Definition
a system of social interaction that includes culture and social organization
Term
Social structure
Definition
the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships of social interactions
Term
Status
Definition
an established position/rank in a social structure
Term
Ascribed status
Definition
"assigned" --sex, race/ethnicity, age
Term
achieved status
Definition
"earned" --professor, dentist, murderer, etc.
--attained through own efforts
Term
Role
Definition
Set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status (what you do in your status position)
Term
Role Modeling
Definition
imitation of other roles
Term
Role conflict
Definition
incompatible expectations of 2 or more roles (ex: as a student you should study for the test, as a friend you should be there for your friend)
Term
Role strain
Definition
Conflicting expectations from the same role
Term
Social construction of reality
Definition
theory that our perception of what is real is determned by the subjective meaning we attribute to an experience (ex: eyewitnesses to a car crash all seem to see different things)
Term
Ethnomethodology
Definition
theory that by deliberately disrupting the social norms, people will try to restore normalcy
Term
Interpersonal attraction
Definition
we spend the majority of time with people, and we are drawn to pairings (friendship, romance, etc.) and imprinting -- like when a baby duck is born and thinks you are its mother so it follows you around (babies know who their mother is)
Term
How is attraction scientifically proven?
Definition
proximity, exposure, perceived physical attractiveness, and similarity
Term
Dramaturgy
Definition
theory by ERVING GOFFMAN!! that analyzes social life in terms of drama/stage
Term
Front Stage
Definition
how we act around others (the teacher teaching is on her stage, etc.)
Term
Back Stage
Definition
our "rest" from performance, where we can truly be ourselves
Term
Role performance
Definition
emphasis that individual gives to a role (our "style")
Term
Impression management
Definition
efforts made to manage the perceptions that others give to us
Term
Sign Vehicles
Definition
used to communicate our roles (our physical appearance, attitude, etc.)
-social setting, appearance, and manner
Term
Face-saving behavior
Definition
what one does to cover for an unplanned event during "performance" (playing something off as a joke, for example)
Term
Non-observance
Definition
the audience ignoring embarrassing behavior
Term
Social Institutions
Definition
Established and organized systems of behavior with recognized purposes
(Family, Religion, Education, Mass Media, etc.)
Term
What are the functions of social institutions?
Definition
Socialization of members, producing Goods and Services, Replacing members, stability/existence, and sense of purpose
Term
Socialization
Definition
Term
Mechanical Solidarity
Definition
DURKHEIM's term for the unity that people feel as a result of performing the same similar tasks
Term
Organic Solidarity
Definition
DURKHEIM's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor (think: organism needs many different organs to survive)
Term
Gemeinschaft
Definition
TONNIES's type of society in which life is intimate and everyone knows everyone else (community)
Term
Gesellschaft
Definition
TONNIES's type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
Term
Master status
Definition
a status that is dominant over all other statuses (a disability perhaps, or a successful billionaire, etc.)
Term
status set
Definition
all the statuses a person has
Term
solidarity
Definition
the coming together and creating a sense of belonging through each other
Term
background assumption
Definition
a deeply embedded common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act
Term
social construction of reality
Definition
the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real
Term
what are the three layers of social stratification?
Definition
-property
-power
-prestige
Term
what are the 4 major systems of stratification?
Definition
slavery, caste, estate, and class
Term
what are the 3 estates?
Definition
1st: nobility
2nd: clergy
3rd: commoners
Term
primogeniture
Definition
allowing only the 1st born son to inherit the land (1st estate)
Term
what is a serf?
Definition
a commoner that comes with the land of the nobility
Term
What are the 3 causes of slavery?
Definition
debt, crime, and war
Term
what is the highest in India's caste system?
Definition
Brahman
Term
what is the lowest?
Definition
Dalit
Term
Who came up with the determinants of Social class (property, power, prestige)?
Definition
Max Weber
Term
What was Davis and Moore's explanation for society's stratification?
Definition
(Functionalist view)
1. Society must make sure all the positions are filled
2. Some Positions are more important than others
3. the more important positions must be filled by the more qualified people
4. to motivate these people, society must offer them great rewards
Term
who noted the errors in Davis and Moore's explanation?
Definition
Melvin Tumin
Term
who noted the errors in Davis and Moore's explanation?
Definition
Melvin Tumin
Term
What did Mosca argue?
Definition
(conflict perspective)
every society will be stratified by power
1. No society can exist unless it is organized (requires leadership)
2. Leadership requires inequality of power
3. because humans are selfish, the person/people in power will use their positions to obtain greater rewards for themselves
Term
what was Marx's argument?
Definition
The functionalist explanation for stratification is ideology of the elite and that class consciousness will overcome this blinding ideology
Term
How do elites maintain stratification?
Definition
soft control vs. force
- control people's ideas, information, and technology
Term
what were the old three classifications for countries?
Definition
First World (Industrialized nations), Second World (Communist nations), and Third World (all the others)
Term
What are the NEW ways of classifying countries?
Definition
Most Industrialized Nations, Idustrializing Nations, and Least Industrialized Nations
Term
In what ways did the world become stratified?
Definition
-colonialism
-world system theory
-culture of poverty
Term
what are the four groups of nations from WALLERSTEIN's World system theory?
Definition
-core nations: the first industrialized nations
-semiperiphery: nations that grew stagnant and dependent on trade with core nations
-periphery: fringe nations that are much less developed
-external area: nations that left out of the development of capitalism
Term
how does the world maintain global stratification?
Definition
-neocolonialism: causing poor nations to be indebted to industrialized ones
-multinational corporations: allowing people in less developed countries to work, but can threaten to take away that work if people complain
-Technology and Global Domination: the fact that un-industrialized countries can never seem to keep up with the ever advancing technology
Term
What are the importance of norms?
Definition
without them the society would be in chaos
Term
why is deviance sometimes seen as threatening?
Definition
it undermines predictability
Term
when a norm is violated, what can happen?
Definition
sanctions are imposed (either positive or negative)
Term
What is a crime?
Definition
it is a violation of the law
Term
what is a stigma?
Definition
attributes that discredit one's claim to a "normal" identity and may define a person's master status (GOFFMAN) (ex. a disability or a crime that you have commited)
Term
Differential Association
Definition
SUTHERLAND: the groups you associate with predicts likelihood of deviance (Sym. Interactionism)
Term
Control theory
Definition
everyone is propelled towards deviancebut a system of controls works against these motivations to deviate
Term
Labeling theory
Definition
labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them
Term
how do people "reject" being labeled?(neutralization)
Definition
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of a victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to a higher loyalty
Term
what did Durkheim believe about crime/deviance?
Definition
(Functionalism)
crime is natural and may represent the core values of society, thus contributing to social order (we reaffirm our values when someone breaks the law)
Term
What is Strain theory?
Definition
(Functionalism)
MERTON's theory that when people are socialized to desire cultural goals but are denied the accepted means to reach them, they may use crime to attain that goal
Term
what are the four deviant paths?
Definition
-innovators: people who accept the goals of society but use illegitimate means to try to reach them (embezzlers, drug dealers, etc.)
-ritualism: still follow the rules/norms of society, yet have given up on achieving the goal (unenthusiastic)
-Retreatism: people that reject both the goal and the means of reaching them
-Rebellion: reject both the goal and the means, but also seek to give society new goals and means
Term
Illegitimate Opportunity theory
Definition
(Functionalist)
CLOWARD AND OHLIN's theory that the social classes have distinct styles of crimes due to differnet access to the means to achieve goals (thus explaining white collar crime and crime of poor people)
Term
What two groups is society split into?
Definition
the ruling class (owners of the means of productuon) and the working class
(upper level working class, stable working class, and marginal working class)
Term
those who plead guilty
Definition
10 months
Term
those who choose a trial
Definition
14 months
Term
What are the reactions to Deviance?
Definition
-Retribution: the death penalty
-Deterrence
-Rehabilitation
-Incapacitation: prison
Term
Status inconsistency
Definition
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others (ex: high is power and wealth, but not prestige)
Term
Status inconsistency
Definition
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others (ex: high is power and wealth, but not prestige)
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