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| The systematic study of social behavior and human groups |
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| Cause and effect relationships; under the same conditions the same cause is likely to produce the same effect; Describe, Explain, Predict: Achieve this via theory and research |
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| A well thought out explanation of how and why specific facts are related; not a wild guess |
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| Survey research, qualitative theory research, unobtrusive research, experiments |
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| What we say, how we feel, what we do are shaped by our interactions with others; sociologists are interested in the influence of social relationships on people's attitudes and behavior |
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| groups and institutions provide the framework for sociologists, not the individual; emphasis is on how groups and societies are established overtime |
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| Organized not chaotic; daily events follow some logical order; makes it possible for people to be able to predict what others are going to do; shared way of looking at the world |
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| Augustus Comfte (1798-1857) |
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| "Father of sociology", coined term sociology; not well liked, bipolar; evolutionary thinker; |
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| Durkheim (1858-1916)France |
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| Look at how societies hold together and endure; interested in order and stability; argued that societies are held together because people need each other |
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| social solidarity, mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity, social integration, and social facts |
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| Max Weber (1864-1920) Germany |
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| Said that sociologists should attempt to place themselves in the shoes of other people and try to understand how those people think and feel (Verhesten); emphasized a value-free sociology |
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| Rational: A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task (rational choice). Ex: Go to college to get a job. |
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| Values, enjoyment. Ex: Go to college because you enjoy to learn |
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| Jewish but converted to Protestantism, planned on an academic career but his sponsor was fired bc of his leftist/anti-religious views; editor in chief of bourgeoisie paper; however this was a problem because Marx championed the proletariat practice; in 1845 marx was expelled from paris bc of his socialist writings; in 1849 Marx was expelled from germany; focused on the means of production-state of techonology; saw society in terms of a basic |
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| Social stratification as a dichotomy; ranking of people in a hierarchy (bourgeois, proletariat) MARX BELIEVED THIS; "means of production" owned by bourgeoisie (factory owners, etc) and the proletariat were the workers. |
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| Proletariats believed that social probs are the result of shortcomings of individuals not flaws in society; workers remain dominated and exploited, awful living conditions |
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| Workers' recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itself. Revolutionary action! |
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| Herbert Spencer (1802-1876)England |
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| Developed a model of social change based on evolutionary principles; said key to understanding social phenomena was universal law of evolution; believed in social darwinism (superior ought to prosper; survival of the fittest); gov't should not interfere with natural processes going on in society; extended evolutionary principles that operate at the biological level to social institutional; just as the body consists of differentiated interdependence; so does society; a change in one social institution will result in a change in another |
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| outcomes that are expected and planned |
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| outcomes that are not expected/recognized |
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| Means more likely to happen. Ex: men will more likely get higher paying jobs then women |
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| looks at how economy affects a large group of people vs a small group or individuals |
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| looks more at individuals |
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