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Sociology 150
Chapter 8
34
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
10/27/2011

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Term
Society 
Definition
is defined as a population of people who share the same geographic territory and culture.  
Term
organizations 
Definition
or formalized groups of individuals who work toward a common organizational (and often personal) set of goals
Term

: Normative organizations 

Definition

are organizations that people join because they perceive their goals as being socially or morally worthwhile (e.g., Greenpeace, MADD-Mothers against Drunk Driving).  

Term

Coercive organizations 

Definition

are organizations where people typically are forced to do the work against their will (e.g., prison).  

Term

Utilitarian organizations

 

Definition

 are organizations where people do the work because of some tangible benefit which they expect to receive (e.g., Barnes and Noble, an accounting firm).  In other words, people are paid to do the work.  This is probably the organization you are most familiar with.  

Term
hunting and gathering societies 
Definition
those whose economies are based on hunting animals and gathering vegetation 
Term
horticultural and pastoral societies
Definition
 those characterized by domestication of animals and the use of hand tools to cultivate plants 
Term
Agricultural societies 
Definition
utilize advanced technologies to support crops and livestock 
Term
Industrial societies 
Definition
utilize machinery and energy sources rather than humans and animals for production
Term
post-industrial societies 
Definition
where societal production is based on creating, processing, and storing information.  
Term
socialstatics 
Definition
the study of social structure and how it influences social stability 
Term
social dynamics 
Definition
the study of social structure and how it influences social change 
Term
Mechanical solidarity 
Definition
is a shared conscious among society’s members who each has a similar form of livelihood.  
Term
organic solidarity 
Definition
which is a sense of interdependence on the specializations of occupations in modern society.  
Term
alienation 
Definition
which is the resulting influence of industrialization on society’s members where they feel disconnected and powerless in the final direction of their destinies.  
Term
Gemeinschaft 
Definition
means intimate community 
Term
Gesellschaft 
Definition
means impersonal associations.  
Term
social cohesion 
Definition
which is the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds 
Term
Social structure 
Definition
refers to the recurring patterns of behavior in society which people create through their interactions and relationships
Term
status 
Definition
is a position within the social structure.  
Term
ascribed status 
Definition
is present at birth and is said to be unchangeable (race or sex)  
Term
achieved status 
Definition
is attained through one’s choices and efforts (college student, movie star, teacher, or athlete);  
Term
master status 
Definition
 is a status which stands out above our other statuses and which distracts others from really seeing who we are.  Each status comes with attendant roles.  
Term
Roles 
Definition
are the rights and responsibilities attached to a status.  
Term
Role strain 
Definition
is the burden one feels within any given status.  
Term
role conflict 
Definition
When the roles in one status come into conflict with the roles in other statuses 
Term
group 
Definition
is usually defined as a collection consisting of a number of people who share certain aspects, interact with one another, accept rights and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity
Term
Primary groups 
Definition
consist of small groups with intimate face-to-face contact 
Term
Secondary groups 
Definition
are larger groups whose relationships are formal and institutional 
Term
Dyads 
Definition
are a group of two people 
Term
triads 
Definition
are a group of three people.  
Term
Sociometry 
Definition

is the study of groups and their structures

 
Term
 expressive leader 
Definition
one who is concerned with who the people in the group are and making sure they are well tended.  
Term
instrumental leaders 
Definition
who are concerned with achieving tasks
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