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Sociology 150
Chapter 6
30
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
09/25/2011

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Term

Culture 

Definition

is the shared values, norms, symbols, language, objects, and way of life that is passed on from one generation to the next. 

 

Term
Ethnocentrism 
Definition
 is the tendency to judge others based on our own experiences and cultural standards 
Term
Culture shock 
Definition
 is the disoriented feeling which occurs in the context of being in a new culture.  
Term

cultural relativism

 

Definition

the tendency to look for the cultural context in which differences in cultures occur.  

Term
stereotype 
Definition
 is a broad generalization about individuals based solely on group affiliation.  
Term
Values 
Definition
are defined standards of what is good, bad, desirable, or undesirable for ourselves and others.  
Term
Norms 
Definition
are shared expectations or rules of behavior. 
Term
folkway 
Definition
is a traditional or customary norm governing everyday social behaviours but lack moral overtones
Term
morés 
Definition
 are deeply held, informal norms that are strictly enforced by a moral code
Term
Laws 
Definition
are codified norms or written and recorded norms from which the behavior of society’s members can be judged 
Term
Prescriptive laws 
Definition
are laws that state what must be done 
Term
proscriptive laws 
Definition
are laws which state what is prohibited. 
Term
negative sanction 
Definition
 is a punishment or negative reaction toward breaking codified norms (laws).  
Term

Language

 

Definition

is a complex set of symbols which allow us to communicate verbally, nonverbally, and in written form

 

Term
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 
Definition

claims that when we learn a language, we also learn a framework for understanding and interpreting our social reality and environment.  

Term
mainstream culture 
Definition
the culture shared by the dominant groups, coinciding with the culture shared in the main social institutions (government, education, religion, family, technology, media, and the economy).  
Term
subculture 
Definition
 is one in which groups which have different folkways, morés, and norms exist within but are not completely a part of the larger society 
Term
counterculture 
Definition
occurs when a group’s values, norms, and beliefs are in conflict or opposition to those of the larger society and mainstream culture.  
Term
 Cultural diffusion 
Definition
is when certain aspects of one culture are spread to another culture.  
Term
Cultural leveling 
Definition
is the process in which cultures of the world become similar.  
Term
Melting Pot Theory 
Definition
is an ideology which suggested that all the diverse people coming to the US as immigrants would blend biologically and culturally in order to form a new unique breed of “Americans.”   
Term
Acculturation 
Definition
is the process by which immigrant people adjust and adapt their way of life to the host culture.  
Term
Assimilation 
Definition
is the process by which people from different cultures are acculturated and ultimately absorbed into the mainstream culture.  
Term
Forced assimilation 
Definition
is where those in power in the mainstream refuse to allow immigrants to maintain their various cultures.  
Term
Permissible assimilation 
Definition

permits newcomers to adapt to the mainstream culture naturally

Term
Marginalization 
Definition

is the tendency for adult immigrants to be rendered powerless in comparison to native-born adults because they live as half citizens not fully capable of realizing the individual opportunities often found available to average native-born adults.  

Term
Cultural universals 
Definition
are certain aspects of cultures which are found among peoples of all cultures throughout the world.   
Term
Sociobiology 
Definition
claims that human behavior is the result of natural selection.  
Term
Cultural lag 
Definition
is the process whereby one part of culture changes faster than another part to which it is related.   
Term
uncontacted tribe 
Definition
is a native tribe, typically a small group of people, living in a remote and isolated place, who have not yet had contact with members of a technologically advanced society.  
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