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is one’s biological classification as male or female, which is biologically determined at the moment the sperm fertilizes the egg. Sex can be precisely defined at the genetic level with XX being female and XY being male. The main difference between sexes is the reproductive body parts assigned to each (including their functions and corresponding hormones). |
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the cultural definition of what it means to be a man or a woman. In other words, gender are socialized behaviors prescribed for society’s members based on their sex. Therefore, sex=male, female and gender=masculine, feminine. Gender is culturally-based and varies in a thousand subtle ways across the many diverse cultures of the world.
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| is the shaping of individual behavior and perceptions in such a way that the individual conforms to socially prescribed expectations for males and females. One has to wonder what might have been different if all women were born into societies that valued their uniqueness and similarities in comparison to men. |
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| or socialized expectations of what is normal, desirable, acceptable, and conforming for males and females in specific jobs or positions in groups and organizations over the life course. |
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is the death of a pregnant woman resulting from pregnancy, delivery, or recovery complications. Maternal deaths number in the hundreds of thousands and are estimated by the United Nations to be around ½ million per year worldwide.[i]
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| is the traditional cutting, circumcision, and removal of most or all external genitalia of women for the end result of closing off some or part of the vagina until such time that the woman is married and cut open |
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| Female genital mutilation |
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| is the hatred of women often manifested as physical or verbal abuse and oppressive mistreatment of women. Verbal misogyny is unacceptable in public in most Western Nations today. |
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| both men and women displayed what we typically call the feminine traits of sensitivity, cooperation, and low levels of aggression. |
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| both men and women were insensitive, uncooperative, and very aggressive. These were typical masculine traits at the time. |
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| women were aggressive, rational, and capable and were also socially dominant. Men were passive, assuming artistic and leisure roles. |
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| are goal directed activities which link the family to the surrounding society, geared toward obtaining resources. This includes economic work, bread winning, and other resource-based efforts. |
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are those that pertain to the creation and maintenance of a set of positive, supportive, emotional relationships within the family unit. This includes relationships, nurturing, and social connections needed in the family and society. Today, women do both and typically do them well.
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| both males and females combined their local economic efforts in homemaking. Most of these efforts were cottage industry-type where families used their children’s labor to make products they needed, such as soap, thread, fabric, butter, and many other products. |
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| is a parent or spouse who earns wages outside of the home and uses them to support the family. |
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| is typically a woman who occupies her life with mothering, housekeeping, and being a wife while depending heavily on the breadwinner. |
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| when males erroneously believe that men are superior in all aspects of life and that should excel in everything they do. |
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| which is when men learn to view women as objects of sexual consumption rather than as a whole person. Men as victims of abuse is also an important issue. |
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| sexual objectification of women |
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| is the verbal abuse and use of pejorative and derogatory language about men. These and other concerns are not being aggressively supported throughout the world as are the women’s rights and suffrage efforts discussed above. Most of the Men’s Movement efforts are in Western Societies, India, and a handful of others. |
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