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| A condition in workers, proposed by Marx, that lead to a lack of connection between workers and the products they produced, from the production process, from other workers, and from themselves and their creative tendencies. |
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| The Structural Transformation of the U.S. Economy |
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| The shift from a manufacturing to a service-based economy is characterized by six key factors: a) New technologies; b) Globalization of economy; c) Capitol flight; d) Deskilling of workers; e) The Dual Labor Market; f) Sunrise/Sunset Industries |
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| The policy under which Mexicans could work legally in the U.S., which ended in 1964. |
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| The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
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| A treaty ratified in 1994 that allows factory growth to explode south of the border. |
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| Factories along the northern border of Mexico that pay low wages and provide cheap goods to the United States. 2005: 54% of products from Mexico to the U.S. are from these. |
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| The process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools are developed. |
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| A concept within the functionalist perspective (of education) that highlights the intended and recognized consequences. |
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| A concept within the functionalist perspective (of education) that highlights the unintended and unrecognizable consequences. |
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| This is the theory that claims that education serves to form a more cohesive society but has also been used to impose the values of a dominant culture on outsiders or minorities. |
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| Pygmalion Effect, or self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| The process that occurs when behavior is modified to meet preexisting expectations. |
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| A system of dividing students into different programs of study according to their abilities or interests. |
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| The gaps between racial and class groups when regarding technology. |
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| This was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. |
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| A piecemeal process that forced people off what had been public land and sent them looking for work in cities, occurring as early as the 15th century. |
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| Private ownership of the means of production and distribution. Highlighted by Private property, personal profit, competition, free-market, and laissez-faire government. |
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| An economist who believed that competition helps maintain a cohesive society; specialization increases productivity and innovation; and that using money, rather than barter, makes trading more efficient. |
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| An economist who predicted both that capitalism would ultimately destroy itself and that the working class would rise against the capitalist class, leading to a period first of socialism and then of communism. |
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| A system based upon public ownership of the means of production and distribution, highlighted by planned organization, democratic process, and egalitarian leadership. |
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| This refers to the processes that create and intensify worldwide social exchanges and interdependencies. |
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| A juristic person-an entity that has all the legal rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person-and corporations structure economic life around the world. |
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| While corporation ownership is typically dispersed this theory holds that corporate leaders are connected by an expansive network that makes their companies receptive to ideas and practices by others in the network. |
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| A theory of C. Wright Mills's that looks at the connection between politics and economics and finds three main branches: Corporate Rich, Executive Branch, and the Military. |
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| Often refers to policies and programs that are designed to improve the well-being of the U.S. population, particularly those at the bottom tier. |
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| A concept to describe a government's bestowal of grants and/or tax breaks on corporations or other "special favorable treatment" from the government. |
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| The 'second economy' is market for illegal goods and services but also legal goods and services in a manner that avoids regulation/taxation. |
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| This can be defined as a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual in this condition cannot live with dignity in his or her society. |
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| Poverty Threshold or Poverty Line |
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Definition
| The level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. People who have an income below the poverty line have no disposable income by definition. This is determined by the Census Bureau, and is calculated regardless of fluctuations in income distribution. |
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| The point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members. |
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| A measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location. |
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| Measures the disparities in the income of a particular nation or group. |
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| "A composite index measuring deprivations in the three basic dimensions captured in the human development index-a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living-and also capturing social exclusion". |
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| Those who have worked at least 27 weeks, but whose income fell below the official poverty level. The Economic Policy Institute claims that 24% of the U.S. workforce makes sub-poverty pay. |
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| This is a theory that argues that poor people adopt certain practices, which differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society, in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances. |
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| Nuclear family or traditional family |
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Definition
| A family consisting of a father and mother and their biological children. |
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| Refers to familial networks that extend beyond the nuclear family and may extend beyond the home. |
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| Refers to marriage to someone within one's social group. |
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| Refers to marriage to someone outside one's social group. |
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| Refers to unpaid labor inside the home that is often expected of women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home. |
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| Any transgression of socially established norms. (Social Construct) |
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| This is punishment focused on making the violator suffer and thus defining the boundaries of acceptable behavior. |
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| This is punishment that takes into account the specific circumstances of an individual transgressor and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him or her. |
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| A concept proposed by Erving Goffman that identifies the negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person; also changes that person's self-concept and social identity. A stigma has serious consequences in terms of the opportunities made available-or rather not made available. |
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| This refers to crime committed in public and is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty. |
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| This refers to the crime committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business, or is committed by the officers or executives of a company. Sometimes called corporate crime. |
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| This is a philosophy of criminal justice based on the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits. |
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| A set of ideas proposed by Robert Merton that see deviance occurring when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals. |
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| People who accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals. |
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| People who accept the goals of the society, but they look for new or innovative, ways of achieving those goals. |
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| People who aren't interested in the goals of the society, but they do accept the means of achieving those goals. |
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| People who don't accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals. |
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| People who don't accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means. |
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| A set of ideas proposed by Howard Becker that emphasize the transformation of an individual from a person who commits a deviant act to a person who occupies a deviant status. It looks at the process by which individuals become involved in deviant behavior, not the individual him or herself. |
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| Subject was told to be teacher and administer shocks to an actor who was supposedly a student and to keep going to the point of delivering fatal shocks. |
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| Stanford Prison Experiment |
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Definition
| Students were assigned roles of prisoners and guards. They quickly took hold of their roles and the experiment had to be ended early. |
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