Term
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Definition
- system by which a society ranks and categorizes people in a way that leads to structured inequalities between groups
- social mobility: possibility to move up and down stratification
- class, status, and power --> key aspects
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Term
| 4 Principles of Stratification (5) |
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Definition
- rankings apply to social categories of people who share a common characterisitc (class, status, etc..)
- life experiences and opportunities weigh heavily in rankings
- ranks of categories change slowly over time
- it is trait of society and cultural beliefs that effect rankings
- stratification is universal, but variable
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Term
| intragenerational mobility |
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Definition
| movement up and down a hierarchical stratification within personal career |
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Term
| Basic Stratification Systems |
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Definition
- slavery
- caste systems
- class systems
- race and gender
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Term
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Definition
- systems of slavery tend to be unefficient because slaves fight back
- not economically efficient --> constant supervision and severe punishment affect work productivity
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Term
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Definition
- social system in which one's social status is given for life
- caste society: closed levels, must stay in stratification ranking born into
- endogamy: must marry in same ranking as oneself, part of law
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Term
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Definition
- hard to define; socioeconomic variations between groups of individuals that creates variations in material prosperity and power
- life chance: ability to achieve economic prosperity
- Different from slavery and caste in 4 ways: class systems are fluid, positions are in some part achieved, is economically based, are large scale and impersonal
- inequality is reducing between classes
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Term
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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Definition
- income earning from work or investments
- wealth-total value of assets minus debt
- educational attainment--highest level of education
- occupation--prestige
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Term
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Definition
- Upper class: wealthiest, top 5 %, most not super rich: earning ~ or more than 300,000/yr
- Upper-Middle class: highly educated professionals, ~170,000-300,000/yr
- Middle class: 40-45% of America, white collar, well above poverty line
- Lower-middle class: skilled services--nurses, teachers, police officers, etc.
- Working class: 20%, blue/pink collar, pay little above poverty line
- Lower class/poor: 15%, income based
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Term
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Definition
| means by which gain a livlihood, means by which production of material goods is carried on by a society, not just technology, but social relation between producers |
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Term
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Definition
| own the means of production--companies, land, or stock--used to generate economic return |
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Definition
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Definition
| social honor or prestige, separate from class rank |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively privileged status groups, subject to discrimination |
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Term
| Functionalist Theory (David-Moore) |
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Definition
- social stratification has beneficial consequences on the operation of society
- the greater the functional importance, the greater the awards society attaches to it --> doctors make a lot of money
- positions based entirely on talents and efforts
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Term
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Definition
- people in power are able to define what is valuable in society and base rewards in ways that protect their interests
- stratification not functional, but leads to conflict and social tension
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Term
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Definition
- control and lack of control of the means of production, but also economic differences that have nothing to do with property --> people skills, credentials and qualifications
- show other dimensions of stratification that arent just influenced by class
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Term
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Definition
| "new urban poor", people at bottom of class, usually people in ethnic minority, little possibility of escape or social mobility |
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Definition
| life threatening lack of resources, cannot meet minimal requirements to purchase food |
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Term
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Definition
- deprivation of some people in comparison to others who have more, sometimes lack decent standards of housing and healthy living conditions
- 24,344$/yr for family of 4 is poverty line
- 16% of U.S. population in poverty
- causes: cultural, biological, structural, situational
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Term
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Definition
- argues that poor people adopt beliefs and values different from middle-class/mainstream society that help keep them in poverty
- dependency culture: argues that providing welfare erodes people desire to work
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Term
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Definition
- poverty caused by low IQ --> determines success
- environment plays a role, though --kids in better neighborhoods do better in school than those who are not
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Term
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Definition
- poverty result of lack of income producing employment for all sectors in capitalist society
- capitalism needs "reserve army" which can be fired in times of economic crisis and rehired in prosperity
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Term
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Definition
- at individual level poverty is widespread but temporary
- usually do to major life crisis
- 2/3 of Americans usually experience poverty at some point in their lives, using some form of welfare
- only about 3% of families are persistently poor over mutiple years
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Term
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Definition
- movement up and down hierarchical stratification from generation to generation
- mostly pertanent to white males
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Term
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Definition
| individual's wealth, income, status is lower than what their parents once had |
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Term
| short-ranged downward mobility |
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Definition
| social mobility that occurs when an individual moves from one position in the class structure to the next of nearly equal status |
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Term
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Definition
- Americans who work, but earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line
- about 25% of those in poverty actually work
- disporportionately nonwhite and immigrant
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Term
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Definition
- increase in proportion of poor who are female --> growing rates of divorce, single parents
- latino and black single-parent female headed families in poverty more than white
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Term
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Definition
- about 41% of homeless are single men, 14% single women
- very few are latino or asian-american
- about 2/3 of homeless experienced problems with alcohol, same number with drugs, and about 60% experience mental illnesses
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Term
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Definition
- socially constructed category of people who share physical characteristics that members of society consider important
- exclusive, unequal, socially constructed
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Term
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Definition
- cultural practices and attitudes that set people apart
- voluntary, self-defined
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Term
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Definition
- form of prejudice based on the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
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Term
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Definition
| system in which bias is built into the operation of society's institutions and produces unequal outcomes for different groups --> companies discriminating against different groups, systematic manner |
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Definition
- preconceived ideas about a people --> an attitude or opinion, stereotypes
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Term
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Definition
| unequal treatment of peoples deemed inferior on the basis of race, ethnicity, behavior/action --> enacted against minority group |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which understanding of race is used to classify individuals or groups |
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Definition
| transfer of fealings of hostility towards an object in which they did not originate |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual or group blamed for something that was not their doing |
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Definition
| opposite of minority, holds more power, wealth and prestige in a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic, planned destruction of a particular group on the grounds of the groups' culture, ethnicity, religion, or political views |
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| keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separated by law |
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Definition
| the assumption that immigrant groups would conform to language and practice of dominant whites of the country |
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Definition
| diverging ideas and cultures together |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that an ethnic or racial group keep their cultural practices while also engaging in larger society's economic and political life |
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Definition
| separate ethnic groups exist separately and equally |
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Definition
| the movement of people into a country to settle |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of moving out of a country to settle in another |
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Term
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Definition
- migration pattern
- migration across borders is happening greater than ever before
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Term
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Definition
- most countries receive immigration of many different types
- migration pattern
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Term
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Definition
- migration pattern
- migration has become more global in nature, more countries sending and receiving
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Term
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Definition
- more immigrants are females, has to do with more opportunity in global market
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Term
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Definition
| dispersal of ethnic group from homeland to foreign land, often forced or for traumatic reasons --> Jews and blacks, dispersal because of genocide and slavery |
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Definition
| dominance of men over women |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological, social, and cultural differences between male and female |
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Term
| biological factors in gender roles |
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Definition
- lack of evidence for gender role socialization, but:
- testosterone is associated with the violence and aggression in men, not always because increased aggression causes for increase in testosterone levels
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Term
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Definition
| learning of gender roles through social factors such as family, media, schooling --> not biologically determined, but culturally produced |
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Term
| social construction of gender |
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Definition
- reject all biological reasons for gender differences --> men are expected to be strong and masculine, therefore they work to obtain that specific body image
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Term
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Definition
| person occupying opposite gender role |
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Term
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Definition
| designation of occupations as male or female --> nurse = female, doctor = male |
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Term
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Definition
| policies that attempt to remedy the gender pay gap so that those in female-oriented jobs are not paid less for equivilant work --> jobs should be ranked by skill, effort, responsibility and working conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| promotion barrier that prevents women from upward mobility within an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| men in female dominated jobs move upwards at a quicker rate than women |
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Term
| functionalism and gender equality |
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Definition
| nuclear family and fixed gender roles perform complementary functions necessary to small group functioning |
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Term
| Family (census definition) |
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Definition
- 2 or more people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption
- Non-residential step-parent, grandparent, same-sex couples, heterosexual cohabiting couples (couple that lives together but not married) à not considered family
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Term
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Definition
- family consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children
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