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Definition
| consistency in measurement |
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Definition
| actually measuring exactly what one intends to measure |
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| a relationship in which change in one variable (ind) causes change in another (dep) |
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| a relationship in which 2 or more variable change eachother |
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Definition
| an apparent, although false, relationship between 2 or more variable caused by some other variable |
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Definition
| holding constant all variables except one in order to see clearly the effect of that variable |
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Definition
| personal neutrality in conducting research |
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Definition
| repetition of research by other investigators |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world |
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Definition
| the study of society that focuses on the need for social change |
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Definition
| a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| an unverified statement of a relationshiip between variables |
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Definition
| a change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied |
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Definition
| a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview |
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Definition
| the people who are the focus of the research |
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| a part of a population that represents the whole |
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| a series of written questions a researcher presents to subjects |
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| a series of questions a researcher administers in person to respondents |
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Definition
| a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities |
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Definition
| a research method in which a researcher uses data collected by others |
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Term
| inductive logical thought |
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Definition
| reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory |
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Term
| deductive logical thought |
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Definition
| reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypothesis suitable for testing |
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Term
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Definition
| study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior |
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Definition
| information we can verify with our senses |
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Term
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Definition
| the values, beliefs, behavior and material objects that together form a people's way of life |
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Term
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Definition
| the intangible world of ideas created by members of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the tangible things created by members of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life |
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Definition
| anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one generation passes culture to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| the thesis that people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language |
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Term
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Definition
| culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living |
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Definition
| specific statements that people hold to be true |
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Definition
| rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
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Definition
| norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance |
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Term
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Definition
| norms for routine or casual interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by society to regulate people's thought and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite |
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Definition
| cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population |
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Definition
| cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population |
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Term
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Definition
| an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions |
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Definition
| cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards |
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Definition
| traits that are part of every known culture |
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Definition
| people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
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Definition
| Lenski's term for the changes that occur as a society acquires new technology |
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Term
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Definition
| the struggle between segments of society over valued resources |
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Definition
| people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits |
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Definition
| people who sell their productive labor for wages |
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Definition
| the major spheres of social life, or societal subsystems, organized to meet human needs |
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Definition
| Marx's term for explanations of social problems as the shortcomings of individuals rather than as the flaws of society |
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Definition
| conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power |
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Definition
| Marx's term for workers' recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itself |
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Term
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Definition
| experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
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Definition
| an abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon |
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Definition
| sentiments and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
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Definition
| a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task |
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Term
| rationalization of society |
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Definition
| Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's designation of a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for social bonds, based on common sentiments and shared moral values, that are strong among members of preindustrial societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Durkheim's term for social bonds, based on specialization and interdependence, that are strong among members of industrial societies |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized economic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture |
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Definition
| a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the human being's basic drives |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Mead's term for that part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image |
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Term
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Definition
| Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us |
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Term
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Definition
| Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves |
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Definition
| a social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common |
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Term
| anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
| learning that helps a person achieve a desired position |
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Definition
| impersonal communications aimed at a vast audience |
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Definition
| a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age |
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Definition
| a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff |
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Definition
| radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment |
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Definition
| the recognized violation of cultural norms |
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Definition
| the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by society to regulate people's thought and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the assertion that deviance and conformity result from how others respond to our actions |
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Definition
| a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity |
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Term
| medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition |
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Definition
| crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations |
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Definition
| the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf |
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Definition
| a business supplying illegal goods or service |
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Definition
| criminal act against a person by an offender motivated by racial or other bias |
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Definition
| a means by which society renders an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through incarceration or permanently by execution |
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Definition
| subsequent offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
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Definition
| an act of moral vengeance by which society inflicts on the offendor suffering comparable to that caused by the offense |
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Definition
| the attempt to discourage criminality through punishment |
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Definition
| a program for reforming that offender to prevent subsequent offenses |
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