Term
| what are the 4 questions sociology tries to answer? |
|
Definition
1) how are the things we see as natural formed/socially constructed?
2)What holds society together?
3)What are the unanticipated consequences of social action?
4)How are things different today from what they used to be? |
|
|
Term
| The Sociological imagination |
|
Definition
(Mills)"enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations
between the two within society"
Public issues vs private troubles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| taking every observation at face value vs just looking at all the "facts" |
|
|
Term
4 characteristics of scientific research
king et al |
|
Definition
1. the goal is inference (inferences that go beyond the observations collected)
2.the procedures are public
3. the conclusions are uncertain
4. the content is the method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trying to make sense of social situations that we see more or less complex |
|
|
Term
| Research designs are divided into what 4 components? |
|
Definition
1. research question
2. the theory
3. the data
4. the use of data
(King et al) |
|
|
Term
| "Defining Scientific Research" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hierarchical relationship
(superordinate vs subordinates) |
|
Definition
superordinate: authority in the institution
subordinate: those who make use of the institution
(i.e. teachers vs students)
(Becker, 240) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(Becker)
no change/reversal in hirarchy
(i.e. patients prescribing for doctors) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(Becker, 241)
members believe that the highest rank has right to define how things are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Becker)
subordinates have some degree of organization
changes hierarchical relationship |
|
|
Term
| "Who is Black?": One Nation's Definition" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any "black blood" makes person black |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| racially mixed persons are assigned the status of the subordinate group (Davis, 5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (a social construction, not based on biology) |
|
|
Term
| Racial ideologies consist of what 5 key beliefs (all of which scientists agree are false)? |
|
Definition
belief that:
1. some races are physically superior to others & that they can be ranked from strongest to weakest based on differences in longevity & rates of selected diseases
2. some races are mentally superior to others & that the races can be ranked from most intelligent to least intelligent
3. race causes culture, that ea inbred population has a distinct culture that is genetically transmitted along w/ its physical traits
4.race determines temperamental dispositions of individuals (stereotypes of personalities)
5. racial mixing lowers biological quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Davis)
inter-racial mixing had already occurred in Africa before slave trade to US
(European settlers not pure white & slaves not all pure African blacks) |
|
|
Term
| "E. Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the 21st Century" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 benefits of immigration and Ethnic diversity |
|
Definition
(Putnam)
1. creativity enhanced; "diversity fosters creativity"
2.economic growth/increase natn'l income
3.fill in the spots left by aging pop'n
4. helps development through remittances & transfer of technology & new ideas through immigrant networks |
|
|
Term
| What are the short & long term effects of immigration & diversity |
|
Definition
(Putnam)
long-run: important cultural, economic, fiscal & developmental benefits
short run: tend to reduce social solidarity & social capital/reduce trust even w/in race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Putnam
social networks have value (like tools-physical capital & training-human capital) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Putnam
argues that diversity fosters interethnic tolerance & social solidarity; more contact -->reduce initial hesitation & ignorance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Putnam
(mostly for competition over limited resources) diversity fosters out-group distrust & in-group solidarity
(in-group trust & out-group trust negatively correlated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Putnam
possibility that diversity might actually reduce both in-group & out-group solidarity |
|
|
Term
| bonding vs bridging social capital |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ethnic diversity can be divided into 2 distinct factors |
|
Definition
Putnam
1. %age of blacks in a given area
2. %age of immigrants in a given area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not making 'them' like 'us,' but instead creating a new, more capacious sense of 'we' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Putnam
community resources tend to be positively correlated with ethnic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weber
segregation of Jews in ancient times because of their rituals-following religious ethic |
|
|
Term
"The Ghetto"
"Frankforth: A Typical Ghetto" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wirth
race product of the ghetto
ghetto symbol of subjugation
develop mannerisms, etc
the racial type disappears with the disappearance of the ghetto |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Blake & Cayton)
stigmatized areas where 'undesirables' become concentrated; tendency to blame the group for the condition of the area |
|
|
Term
| 4 patterns of adjustment in housing |
|
Definition
(Drake & Cayton)
1.mixed, unadjusted neighborhoods
2.mixed, adjusted neighborhoods
3.contested areas
4. neighborhoods that are entirely white or Negro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Drake & Clayton)
agreement between white property owners not to rent or sell to Negroes |
|
|
Term
| "Relations in Public: Tie-Signs" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| individual linked to society through 2 principal social bonds: |
|
Definition
1. to collectivities through membership
2. to other individuals through social relations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman
broad social categories to which an individual can belong & can be seen as belonging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman
unique organic continuity imputed to each individual & established through distinguishing marks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman
there is a relationship and both ends are aware |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only know each other on basis of instantly perceived social identity (courteously passing a stranger on the street) |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts/info about anchored relationships |
|
Definition
goffman
1. has name to call ends(mom, brother, son, etc); identify relationship
2. 'terms' of the relationship, how intimate can each other go?
3. has different stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goffman
contact with each other contains evidence to identify the name, term, & stage of an anchored relationship
"CONTAIN EVIDENCE, they do not COMMUNICATE MESSAGES" (195)
can be inherently ambiguous & might be intentionally misleading
reading is biased by current social context
useful in cases w/ some bio knowledge is available but incomplete |
|
|
Term
"Sounding out the city"
"Empowering the Gaze: Personal Stereos & the Hidden Look" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bull
listening to music, won't talk, not fully there, alters reality, 'one step removed' from the physical world
a more 'distracted gaze,' no 'incursion' into the private space of another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Duneier
conversation analysis term.
pauses & silences as cues of wanting to stop conversation |
|
|
Term
| "Leviathan: Philosophy & Theology" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 principal causes of quarrel |
|
Definition
Hobbes
1. competition
2. diffidence
3. glory |
|
|
Term
| human nature according to Hobbes |
|
Definition
self-preservation
all men are equal in ability & in hope of attaining their ends.
When they don't live under common power, they live under condition of war |
|
|
Term
| Manifesto of the Communist Party |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human nature according to Marx |
|
Definition
nature changes through history
there is class conflict/tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human nature according to Smith |
|
Definition
self-interested (but not completely)
also some sympathy;
interdependent-cooperation
invisible hand, harmony of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alexis deToqueville
a powerful means of action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deToqueville
consider themselves as standing along, think their whole destiny is in their hands, depart from society |
|
|
Term
| "Bowling Alone: The Collapse & Renewal of American Community" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Putnam
social networks have value
connection among individuals
can be simultaneously 'private good' & 'public good'
-can be formal, informal, episodic, repeated, etc
norms of reciprocity & trustworthiness |
|
|
Term
| 'generalized reciprocity' |
|
Definition
Putnam
doing something without expecting anything specific in return |
|
|
Term
| bonding (exclusive) social capital |
|
Definition
Putnam
can create strong in-group loyalty & create strong out-group antagonism
i.e. ethnic organizations, church-based groups, etc |
|
|
Term
| bridging(inclusive) social capital |
|
Definition
Putnam
i.e. civil rights movement, youth service groups, ecumenical religious organizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(followed by Putnam)
never report anything unless at least to independent sources confirm it |
|
|
Term
| "'We'd Love to Hire Them, But...': The Meaning of Race for Employers" |
|
Definition
| Kirschenman and Neckerman |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of discrimination (pure & statistical) |
|
Definition
(Kischernman & Neckerman)
Pure: employers or consumers will pay a premium to avoid other group members
statistical: employers use group membership as a proxy for aspects of productivity that are relatively expensive or impossible to measure |
|
|
Term
| productivity (Kirschenman & Neckerman) |
|
Definition
| not an individual characteristic, it is shaped by the social relations of the workplace |
|
|
Term
| interaction of class, space, race |
|
Definition
Kirscheman & Neckerman
employers connotated Black and Hispanic with lower class & White with middle class;
"inner-city"=minority
"suburb"= white |
|
|
Term
| "The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks & Changing American Institutions" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| racial conflict shift (Wilson) |
|
Definition
changes to alleviate racial tensions have shifted racial conflict away from industrial order to sociopolitical order
(after shift from 'goods-producing sector' to 'service producing')
struggle for access & control of decent housing, of local public schools, & of political control of the central city |
|
|
Term
| affirmative action (w/ respect to black employment) |
|
Definition
Wilson
helps those more skilled & educated where labor demands & labor supply are
about equal (but doesn't help black underclass) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wilson
not b/c of declining # of available jobs but a decrease in the opportunity to obtain a stable-higher paying job
jobs available are: underpaid, uninteresting, dirty & hard; they do not provide respect, status, opportunity, or advancement |
|
|
Term
| effect of lack of success in labor market for blacks |
|
Definition
Wilson
reduces self-esteem & promotes feelings of resignation & abandonment of job-search |
|
|
Term
| those with concentration of economic power had... |
|
Definition
political & legal power
(wilson) |
|
|
Term
| 3 different economic periods that helped defined race interactions |
|
Definition
Wilson
1.antebellum (caste relationship)
2. industrial period (really competitive, class conflict expressed as race)
3.change to service economy (based more on skill and education) |
|
|
Term
| Sociology of War "Democracy in America" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 forms of military discipline |
|
Definition
deToqueville
aristocracy discipline: enhancement of social servitude (submissive, blind, minute, invariable)
democratic: relies not only on instinct but on reason, may become more strict if required
discipline must be silent & obedient in order to conquer |
|
|
Term
| War in democratic nations |
|
Definition
deToqueville
nations become more equal, wars become more rare
interest become mixed so war affects both "conqueror" & "conquered"
when wars do break out, more nations become involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weber
eradicates personal charisma(which reduces the importance of individual action) & eradicates stratification by status groups or transforms them in a rationalizing direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weber
consistently rationalized methodically prepared & exact execution of the received order, personal criticism unconditionally suspended & author is unswervingly & exclusively set for carrying out the command |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weber
kind of weapons has been the result not cause of discipline |
|
|
Term
| "On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of supervision/surveillance on black men |
|
Definition
Alice Goffman
forms of supervision & policing fostered a climate of fear & suspicion in which people are pressured to inform one another
live as suspects & fugitives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Goffman
hospitals, jobs, police, courts, family & friends might be what leads to their arrest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Goffman
young with warrants seemed to see the authorities only as a threat to their safety
don't use ordinary resources of the law to protect themselves (become targets for robberies, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Goffman
"labeling theory": those accorded a deviant status come to engage in deviance because of being labeled as such |
|
|
Term
| strategy for reducing the chances of their intimates informing |
|
Definition
A. Goffman
cultivate secrecy and unpredictability |
|
|
Term
| Being wanted as a means of accounting |
|
Definition
A. Goffman
serves as a way to save face & to explain inadequacies
excuse for a wide variety of unfulfilled obligations & expectations
means of accounting for failure |
|
|
Term
| effects of incarceration policies on lives of black men |
|
Definition
A. Goffman
"grant a sizable group of people...an illegal or semilegal status which makes it difficult for them to interact w/ legitimate institutions w/out being arrested or sent to jail" |
|
|
Term
| criminal justice system & the disadvantaged |
|
Definition
A. Goffman
criminal justice system as an instrument for the management of the dispossessed & dishonored groups but also gives others (the women, moms, gf) a chance to make claims for themselves as honorable people & to exercise power over one another |
|
|
Term
| "How Unregulated Is the US Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of penal system on the labor market |
|
Definition
Western & Beckett
short run: reduces unemployment (hides unemployment of able-bodied in prison)
long run: increases unemployment by reducing job prospects of ex-convicts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Western & Beckett
the task of surmounting the psychological, social, & financial consequences of incarceration & reintegrating oneself into mainstream society (stable job integral to reintegration process) |
|
|
Term
| US incarceration effects on equality |
|
Definition
Western & Backett
it exacerbates inequality
deepens existing market inequalities |
|
|
Term
| unemployment is sustained by... |
|
Definition
an ever-increasing incarceration rate
(Western & Beckett) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman
idea that when 2 people walk up to each other, they look down as they get closer to each other
failed civil inattention can result in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goffman
ability to figure out how to act in certain situations |
|
|
Term
| "Michel Apted's Up! series: Public Sociology or folk sociology through film?" |
|
Definition
Mitchell Duneier
(Inequality) |
|
|
Term
| "The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects our Health and Longevity" |
|
Definition
Michael Marmot
(Inequality) |
|
|
Term
| "Class in America: Shadowy Lines that Still Divide," |
|
Definition
| Janny Scott and David Leonhardt (Inequality Today) |
|
|
Term
| "Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System" |
|
Definition
Douglas S. Massey
(Inequality Today) |
|
|
Term
| "Diagnosing moral disorder: the discovery and evolution of fetal alcohol syndrome" |
|
Definition
Elizabeth M Armstrong
(Health-The Social Construction of Disease) |
|
|
Term
| "People like that are the only people here" |
|
Definition
Lorrie Moore
(Health-The Sociology of Medicine) |
|
|
Term
| "The Social Transformation of American Medicine" |
|
Definition
Paul Starr
(Health-The Political Sociology of Health Care) |
|
|
Term
| "Gendercide" The Worldwide War on Baby Girls" |
|
Definition
The Economist, March 4, 2010
(Social Change-How Social Change works) |
|
|
Term
| "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields" |
|
Definition
Paul Dimaggio and Walter Powell
(Social Change-How Social Change works) |
|
|
Term
| "The Process of Creative Destruction" in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy |
|
Definition
Joseph Schumpeter
(Social Change-The Transformation of Contemporary Society) |
|
|
Term
| "Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life" |
|
Definition
Robert Reich
(Social Change-The Transformation of Contemporary Society) |
|
|
Term
| "It's a Flat World After All" |
|
Definition
Thomas Friedman
(Social Change-The Transformation of Contemporary Society) |
|
|
Term
| "Always On/Always On You: The Tethered Self" in Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies |
|
Definition
Sherry Turkle
(Social Change-The Media and Social Change) |
|
|
Term
| "Goodbye to the Age of Newspapers (Hello to a New Era of Corruption)" |
|
Definition
Paul Starr
(Social Change-The Media and Social Change) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Miguel A Centeno and JN Cohen
(Social Change-The Global Web) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mitchell Duneier
(Thinking Sociologically about…Homelessness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jesuit Maxim that Apted's "Up!" series began with |
|
Definition
| "Give me the child until he is seven and I will give you the man." |
|
|
Term
| What "Up!" started being about and how it ended |
|
Definition
-class used as category to understand lived experiences
-became about how childhood personality foreshadows adult personality (and whether there is a large or small degree of stability" |
|
|
Term
| Problems with the "Up!" series |
|
Definition
-it downplays the English school system and eclipses the labor market
-disregards key sociological variables like: social networks, peer groups, neighborhoods, wealth, etc
-"for the sociological perspective, it is not enough to know about these traits and dispositions, but how they merge with social mechanisms to form particular outcomes" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
health follows a social gradient, the higher the status, the healthier they are likely to be
-due to degrees of control and participation (autonomy)
Marmot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much control you have over your life and the opportunities you have for full social engagement and participation are crucial for health, well-being, and longevity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the importance of where one stands relative to others in the hierarchy (Marmot) |
|
|
Term
| criterion for determining class |
|
Definition
| education, income, occupation, and wealth (Scott & Leonhardt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of allocation of people to social categories and industrialization of practices that allocate resources unequally across these categories (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people in one social group expropriate a resource produced by members of another social group and prevent them from realizing the full value of their effort in producing it (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one social group restricts access to a scarce resource, either through outright denial or by exercising monopoly control that requires out-group members to pay rent in return for access (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of people copies a set of social distinctions and interrelationships from another group or transfers the distinctions and interrelationships from one social setting to another (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which human beings are psychologically programmed to categorize people they encounter and to use these categorizations to make social judgments (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predetermined emotional orientation toward individuals or objects (it includes both conscious and unconscious components)(Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
axes of warmth and competence
- low warmth, low competence--despised out-group
- high warmth, low competence--pitied out-group
- low warmth, high competence--envied out-group
- high warmth, high competence--Esteemed in-group
|
|
|
Term
| warmth and competence definitions |
|
Definition
warmth: how likable and approachable a person is
competence: getting things done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low levels of warmth and competence
-become dehumanized at the neutral level
-makes them feel that they can treat them as animals or objects
(Massey) |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| natural tendency to attribute behavioral outcomes to characteristics of the people involved rather than the structure of the situation (blame the victim) (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposite bias than "blaming the victim" when making attributions about themselves at least with respect to negative outcomes i.e. others are on welfare because they are lazy, I am on it b/c I lost my job, etc (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social connection to another person or membership in a social organization yields tangible benefits with respect too material, symbolic, or emotional resources (Massey) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge and manners that don't make individuals more productive in and of themselves, but that permit them to be more effective as actors within a particular social context (Massey) |
|
|
Term
| effect of spatial boundaries on stratification |
|
Definition
| spatial segregation renders stratification easy, convenient, and efficient because simply by investing and disinvesting in a place, one can invest or disinvest in a whole set of people (Massey) |
|
|
Term
| 3 categorical distinctions for stratification |
|
Definition
1.race-racial gap in median incomes still exists and Latino & black gap has closed down
2.class-the rich get richer
3.gender-women 2nd class citizens politically and economically
after 1960s gap closed a little but not b/c of real improvements fro women but decline in those for men (Massey) |
|
|
Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
|
Definition
| constellation of symptoms including pre and/or post natal growth retardation, central nervous system disorders including developmental delay and intellectual impairment and characteristic craniofacial abnormalities linked to drinking during pregnancy (Armstrong) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| someone who sees 'some evil which profoundly disturbs him (becker) and who sets out to remedy the situation (in Armstrong) |
|
|
Term
| the effect of morality on scientific literature |
|
Definition
| "The bias towards positive results in the scientific literature is exacerbated when there is an overt moral dimension to the research question at hand, as in the case of substance use in pregnancy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"disease may be used to exert social control, at once expressing and reinforcing social ideologies"
-victim-blaming strategy
'the mom has to change' vs. the society at large/structures must change (Armstrong) |
|
|
Term
| key elements of social construction |
|
Definition
| collective definition, power and expertise, timing, social conflict(used to control and manipulate the social order) (Armstrong lecture) |
|
|
Term
| disease biologically and socially |
|
Definition
| disease is biological and real, yet we must look at other factors about how it is seen by the society (social construction of TB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how individuals and groups participate in the creation of their perceived reality
involves:
1.collective definition
2.power and expertise; consensus
3.timing; it's ongoing
4. subject to conflict, negotiation
(Armstrong) |
|
|
Term
| What is it that sets the sick apart? |
|
Definition
1.incapacity
2. pain and suffering
3. changed notion of time
4. relationship to morality (awareness; frailty of out body)
5.magical thinking (limits of human understanding and knowledge; resort to non-rational thinking)
6. Association with morality (health as virtue, sickness as sin) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of "the sick role" |
|
Definition
1.exempt from normal/regular responsibilities
2.not expected to get well by an act of will alone
3. obligated to get better
4. obligated to seek care and to cooperate (except for chronic illness like diabetes, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which one learns how to behave in a group (Armstrong) (like the mother in the hospital in Moore) |
|
|
Term
| Illness from the doctor's perspectives |
|
Definition
-patients as problems; puzzles
-doctors must attend to feelings and emotions of patients and their families
-doctors might have to transmit difficult news to patients
-patients remind doctors of their own weaknesses
-doctors are reminded of pain and suffering all the time |
|
|
Term
| asymmetries in doctor and patient roles (focusing on hospitals) |
|
Definition
1. doctor is active, patient is passive
2. imbalance of knowledge and power (Doctor's orders, docs do most of the ?s)
3. radically different perspectives ("to most physicians, my illness is a routine incident in their rounds, while for me it's the crisis of my life."-Brayard) |
|
|
Term
| emotion management strategies of doctors |
|
Definition
-distancing
-objectifying, de-personalizing patient
-privileging 'objective' medical knowledge
-jargon and language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medicine profession turns authority into social privilege, economic power, and political influence (Starr) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the possession of some status, quality, or claim that compels trust or obedience (Starr) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the probability that particular definitions of reality and judgments of meaning and value will prevail as valid and true (Starr) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dependence on the professional's superior competence (Starr) |
|
|
Term
| professionalism in medicine serves as: |
|
Definition
1. basis of solidarity for resisting forces that threaten the social and economic position of an occupational group
2.basis for resisting competition from other practitioners
3.ground for resistance to government |
|
|
Term
| contributions to gendercide |
|
Definition
-ultrasound and other technologies allowed for knowing sex of babies-sex selection
-sexual disparities tend to rise with income and education (not 'backward thinking') |
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Term
| Some effects of gendercide |
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Definition
*rising population of frustrated, single men--violence and crime (bride abduction, trafficking of women, rape & prostitution)
*women are committing suicide (maybe cannot live with knowledge that they have killed daughters)
*savings rate in China has increased (in order to attract a wife)(-the Economist) |
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Term
| what produces bureaucratization as an iron cage? |
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Definition
| competition among capitalist firms in marketplace; competition among states, which increases ruler's need to control staff and citizenry;and bourgeois demands for equal protection under the law (Dimaggio and Powell) |
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Term
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Definition
| organizations that, in the aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life" (Dimaggio and Powell) |
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Term
| how have the causes of bureaucratization changed? |
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Definition
| structural change in organization seems less and less driven by competition or need for efficiency but now occur as the results of processes that make organizations more similar without making them more efficient (Powell & Dimaggio) |
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Term
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Definition
(Hawley's description-1968)
a constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other unites that face the same set of environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| competitive and institutional |
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Term
| 3 mechanisms of institutional isomorphic change |
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Definition
| coercive, mimetic, and normative |
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Term
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Definition
isomorphic process that stems from political influence and the problem or legitimacy
common legal environment
i.e. response to gov mandate
(Dimaggio and Powell) |
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Term
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Definition
isomorphic process resulting from the standard responses to uncertainty
uncertainty encourages imitation
-companies adopt 'innovations' to enhance their legitimacy
(Dimaggio & Powell) |
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Term
| normative isomorphism and the definition of professionalization |
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Definition
isomorphic process associated with professionalism
professionalization:the collective struggle of members of an occupation to define the conditions and methods of their work to control 'the production of producers' and to establish a cognitive base and legitimation of their occupational autonomy
(Dimaggio and powell) |
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Term
| implications of isomorphism for social theory |
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Definition
power to set norms, standards, and premises that shape and channel behavior
-important for gov to know/understand how their policies affect organization |
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Term
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Definition
| essential fact in capitalism in which old economic structures are destroyed and new ones created (Shumpeter) |
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Term
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Definition
globalization has collapsed time and distance and raised the notion that someone anywhere on earth can do your job, more cheaply
-playing field being leveled
(Friedman) |
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Term
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Definition
| created a global, web-enabled playing field that allows for multiple forms of collaboration on research and work in real time, without regard to geography, distance, or, in the near future, even language (Friedman) |
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Term
| social consequences of capitalism |
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Definition
urban squalor, measly wages and long hours for factory workers, child labor, widening inequality, decline/abandonment of smaller towns and cities
-capitalism became more powerful than democracy (Reich) |
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Term
| effect of unionization and rigid oligopolistic structure on jobs |
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Definition
| it constrained competition and innovation in favor of economies of scale, making jobs more stable (Reich) |
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Term
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Definition
power shifted to consumers and investors at the expense of citizens (employees)(Reich)
replaced democratic capitalism--a planned economy, run by businesses |
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Term
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Definition
new transportation and communications technologies (from Cold War) reduced costs of moving from one point of the world's surface to another
-it wasn't competition between foreign companies and American companies |
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Term
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Definition
| deregulation created new opportunities and new forms of competition |
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Term
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Definition
| tethering devices allow individuals to be in several places at the same time (call from daughter brings women back to role of mom (even at work)-Turkle |
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Term
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Definition
| "Once done surreptitiously, the habit of electronic co-presence is no longer something people feel they need to hide. Indeed, being 'elsewhere' than where you might be has become something of a marker of one's sense of self-importance" -Turkle |
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Term
| effects of being tethered |
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Definition
-not only connecting to other people but to oneself
-what is not being cultivated is the ability to be alone, to reflect on and contain one's emotions
-needing validation for our feelings to become established
-brevity and speed
-traditional rituals of separation are undermined (work & life lines blurred)
-underestimating importance of face-to-face connections |
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Term
| continuous partial attention |
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Definition
attention sharing
-we devalue attention and deny the importance of giving it to one thing and one thing only-Turkle |
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Term
| Problems/challenges w/ 'study' for "Always-on/Always-on-you: The tethered self" |
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Definition
| "The claims of the always-on/always-on-you culture not equally generalizable outside of the social class currently wealthy enough to afford such things"-Turkle |
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Term
| why would less print newspapers increase corruption? |
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Definition
newspapers were 'the eyes on the state' providing most of the original coverage of public affairs
-people would buy newspapers for the ads (or sports sec, etc) & scan the front page and find out about public affairs (decreased incidental learning)
-w/ internet, advertising in newspapers decreased, readership decreased, people don't know about corruption of state-Starr |
|
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Term
| news distributed to the public is public good- |
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Definition
1. from political standpoint, news contributes to a well-functioning society inasmuch as it enables the public to hold gov & other institutions accountable
2. economic use--can be passed easily and instantly |
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Term
| why were newspapers strong? |
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Definition
not because they had news but because they served as market intermediaries
-Starr |
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Term
| effects of extreme isolation |
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Definition
| The comparative facts seem to indicate that the stages of socialization are to some extent necessarily related to the stages of organic development. If the delicate, complex, and logically prior stages of socialization are not acquired when the organism is plastic, they will never be acquired and the later stages never achieved (except crudely). |
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Term
| Cooley- Mead-Dewey-Faris theory of personality |
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Definition
| human nature is determined by the child's communicative social contacts as much as by his organic equipment and that the system of communicative symbols is a highly complex business acquired early in life as the result of long and intimate training. It is not enough that other persons be merely present; these others must have an intimate, primary-group relationship with the child.-Kingsley Davis |
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Term
| with what does 'acquiring a self" begin? |
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Definition
| it begins with the communication process -Kingsley Davis |
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Term
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Definition
a historically created social system (a structure of relationships between organizations and individuals that has evolved over time in response to challenges and promises)
-socially constructed through expectations of behavior and the institutionalized rules governing it -Centeno |
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Term
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Definition
proponents-brings freedom and riches, obeys basic natural laws
opponents-violation of human nature, which leads to exploitation -Centeno |
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Term
| Central Message of Centeno's book on Globalization |
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Definition
| "A central message of this book has been the limits of the term 'global.' The world is not flat. (enphasis mine)For large parts of humanity (if not the majority) economic globalization has been much more of a whimper than a bang. The kinds transactions that we associate with the global economy-eating at a McDonald's, logging onto the Web, and flying to a different country-are not universally available. Even for those who do participate in the global economy system, the majority do so on a relatively limited basis. -201 |
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