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| Sociology is systematic, scientific way of studying human societies and human social behavior. It studies societies as a whole, the basic institutions of society, and all societal subgroups (large of small), (There is special emphasis placed on the impact of culture and social change) |
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| Rational Behind Sociology |
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| To understand the impact of "society, social influences, and culture on the institutions, groups (and individuals) within a given society." |
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1. Family
2. Education
3. Religion
4. Political System (Government)
5. Economy (economic systems) |
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| Sociological Imagination is the capacity one has to see the social patterns that influence Group dynamics and the lives of individuals |
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| The outlooks or viewpoints that sociologists use in their studies.They are also the two approaches that a sociologist takes in doing his job. |
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| Sociologists studying, researching, measuring society to see what it actually is. |
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| Sociologists looking for ways to improve or advance society. |
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A. Sociology is one of the younger scientific and academic disciplines.
B. People have always been interested in group and social behavior. |
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Brief History
What is the Catalyst for the Birthy of Sociology? |
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Brief History
Founder of Sociology |
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Auguste Comte
1. He coined the term: "Sociology"
2. He designated "society" as it's subject matter.
3. He set observation, measurement as it's methadology. |
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| Comte Contemporaries of note |
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Definition
Harriet MArtineau - first notable female sociologist.
Herbert Spencer - a widely read Social Darwinist (survival of the fittest) |
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| the catalyst for the world-wide spread of socionlogy was the Industrial Revolution. "World's greatest social change" |
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| The Classical Sociologists |
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1. Karl MArx A great sociologist who is known as a professional revolutionsary. Expert on rise of and influence of capitalism. Social conflict between rich and poor.
2. Emile Durkheim - A comprehensive theorist, he showed the practicality of Sociology with the first truly scientific study in the field.
3. Max Weber - Most comprehensive and expansive of the three great classical sociologists. Among all of his theories, one of his most interesting studies was done on the rise and development of beureaucracies. |
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| Early Sociologists of note |
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A. Fredric Leplay - He developed the "case study" method of research.
B. W.E.B. Dubois - A notable sociologist who is better known as a civil rights leader. He was the first prominent African - American sociologist. Did famous study of poor neighborhoods in Philadelphia.
C. Jane Addams - Most noted for heading the influential Hull House in Chicago. She is the only sociologist to ever win the Nobel Peace Prize. |
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| Two types of Sociological Data |
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Definition
A. Primary data (Data that the sociologist personally collects)
1. Surveys (most common research method used by sociologists)
2. Observation (second most commonly used sociological research tool) 2 types (participant observation, non - participant observation)
B.Secondary Data - Datathe sociologists collects from other sources (official statistics, other soc research, mass media, etc.) |
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1. Quantitative Data
2. Qualitative Data |
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1. erical or statistical data, incomes, SAT scores, etc
2. in depth impressionistic, interpretive data, tries to get at the way people see things. |
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Definition
A. Validity: measuring what you intend to measure
B. Reliability: Getting consistent results, time after time
C. Generalizability: The extent to which a study's fidings can be said to reflect society-at-large |
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| Research Definitions to Remember |
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Definition
A. Objectivity: Being personally neutral in conducting research - working without a pre-conceived bias
B. Replication: Repeating research that other researchers have done using exact same procedures.
C. Hawthorne Effects: The changes in a subject's behavior cause simply by the subject's awareness of being studied. |
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| Six Ways Gender can Jeopardize Good Research |
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Definition
1. Androcentricity: seeing things froma male perspective
2. Gynocentricity: seeing things from a female perspective only
3. Over - generalizing
4. Gender Blindness
5. Double Standards
6. Interference |
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| Characteristics of Culture |
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Definition
| is shared, learned, taken for granted, symbolic, varies across time and place |
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| Culture is the common (learned and shared) "Social Heritage" that members of a society pass on to one another. |
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1. Material
2. Non-material |
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are the important principles or standards that are considered worth maintaining and achieving in any society.
Ex - Individuality, Freedom, Democracy, Romantic Love |
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"societal - cultural expectations of behavior. They are considered normal behaviors.
Ex - We dress up to go to church...don't butt in line. |
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everday customs or habits of a society or group.
Ex - Shaking hands |
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behavioral acts that break the most significan rules in a society.
Ex. Murder, rape, incest |
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| the culture of the most "powerful" group in a society." |
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| the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact witha fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life. |
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| Components of Symbolic Culture |
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Definition
1. Open, physical, Tangible, Symbols
2. Gestures
3. Language
4. Values
5. Norms
6. Sanctions
7. Mores |
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Society is a relatively permanent group of people living in the same geographic area who are:
1. economically self-sufficient
2. politically independant
3. share common culture |
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Definition
| this concept refers to the tendency for "society" to become more complex over time. The Socio-Cultural Evolution is the changes that occur as a society gains new knowledge and new technology. |
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| The 5 stages of socio-cultural evolution |
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Definition
1, Hunt and Gather - nomdic, family based groups, short life span
2. Horticultural and Pastoral - new technology used hand tools for farming, trained animals to help humans, produced our major religions
3. Agrarian - Large scale farming, used plows. "Dawn of Civilization"
4. Industrial - Manufacturing, Large factory system
5. Post Industrial - Age of Super Computers "Information Revolution" |
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Definition
| also called enculturation is the process in which the culture of a society is transmitted to children. The modification from infancy of an individual's behavior to conform with the demands of social life. |
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Definition
1. Primary - early experiences
2. Anticipatory - role playing
3. Developmental - re-thinking, adjusted thinking for new situations
4. Reverse - learning from the young
5. Resocialization - sudden changes need to accommodate foreign environments |
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Definition
| Artificially Structured Research |
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| Four most important agents of resocialization |
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Definition
A. Family
B. Peers
C. Schools
D. Mass Media |
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Definition
1. Sigmund Freud
2. Charles Horton Cooley
3. George Herbert Mead
4. Erving Goffmann
5. Jean Piaget
6. Erik Erikson
7. Lawrence Kohlberg
8. Carol Gilligan |
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| father Founder of psycoanalysis. Famous for ID, EDO, SUPEREGO theory. Said all humans respond to two general needs or drives 1. need to bond 2. aggressive drive. |
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Children go through 3 developmental stages.
Imitation (0-3)
Play (3-6)
Games (6-9) |
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Studies how children think and learn
1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
2. Preoperationsal (2-7)
3. Concrete-Operational (7-11)
4. Formal Operational (11 to 15 and up to adulthood) |
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Definition
8 Stages of Development
1- Infancy
2- Toddlerhood (challenge of autonomy)
3- Pre-school
4- Pre-adolescence (stike out on own more and more)
5- Adolescence (challenge for teenagers to establish their own identity.)
6- Young Adulthood - (Challenge to establish and maintain intimate relationships)
7- Middle Adulthood
8- Old Age |
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| said children develop moral reasoning in 6 stages. they learn the difference betwwn right and wrong in a process called internalization. |
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| disagreed with Lawrence Kohlberg |
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language is central in determining social thought.
language structures our perceptions of the world |
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| Reasons to pursue Sociology Degree |
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Definition
1. interesting fun to take courses
2. help you obtain a strong academic foundation for building the carrer of your choice. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Structual Functional - (this theory holds that a society is structured, with all parts having important functions. It sees society as a compulex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
2. The social Conflict - This theory sees society as an areana of inequality where the various elements of society struffle and compete against one another, genetating both conflict and social change.
3. The symbolic Interaction paradigm - This theory seens society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals focuses more on individuals and the quality and quantity of interactions we have with other people....everyday. It's how well ALL of us work together or a regular basis. |
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