Term
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Definition
| A group of people who are in habitual contact with one another, who share a language variety and social conventions, or sociolinguistic norms, about language use. |
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Term
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Definition
| -A way of grouping people by traits that are relatively fixed (class, gender, and ethnicity). |
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Term
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Definition
| - Opposite of probabilistic, they apply every time that they can apply. |
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Definition
| - Feature that does not get noticed. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Feature that is noticed. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Philosophy that explains how language is represented in the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Distinction drawn by Chomsky that refers primarily to what speakers know about language. |
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Term
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Definition
| - What speakers actually produce when speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Philosophy that knowledge comes through sensory experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Codified variety of the language. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Varieties of language other than the standard. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Non-evaluative approach to language that is focused on how language is actually used, without deciding if it is correct of not. |
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Term
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Definition
| - An approach to language that is focused on rules of correctness. |
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Term
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Definition
| - If people speaking different languages or dialects can understand each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| - If people speaking different languages or dialects can understand each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Term that refers to subvarieties of a single language. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Person with whom you are speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Degree of intimacy or familiarity between interlocutors. |
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Term
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Definition
| - unconventional words or phrases that express either something new or something old in a new way. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Any given form of a language, standard and nonstandard. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Branch of anthropology that deals with the description of other cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Branch of anthropology that deals with the description of other cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Different groups of people that each of us has interacted with over the years. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Unit of analysis that looks at a smaller domain that social networks. Characterized by mutual engagement, jointly negotiated enterprise, or shared repertoire. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Combination of expressed attitudes and variable linguistic behaviour shared by all members of a community. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Combination of expressed attitudes and variable linguistic behaviour shared by all members of a community. |
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Term
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Definition
| - People know a central member but not each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| - People know and interact with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Members know each other through multiple connections. |
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Term
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Definition
| - People know each other only through one connection. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Ability of speakers to control what they do and to make conscious choices. |
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Term
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Definition
| - People who participate in multiple communities of practice and bring ideas from one into the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Process by which regional features of a speech group of people converges towards a common norm over time. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - represents the traditional bases of English |
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Term
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Definition
| - which includes countries where English is not the native tongue, but is important for historical reasons and plays a part in the nation's institutions, either as an official language or otherwise. |
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Term
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Definition
| - encompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign language or lingua franca. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Way of identifying vowels based on a set of words in which they occur as opposed to a linguistic symbol. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A pure vowel sound, spoken in a single place of articulation, with no change in quality, i.e.: saying bat instead of bite. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Phonological process in which MOUTH and PRICE vowels are pronounced differently when preceding a voiceless consonant in the same syllable. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A dialect or language can be physically or geographically ________ from others. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A dialect or language can be physically or geographically ________ from others. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When speakers of a language or dialect are cut off from other varieties and have retained older features so that the language has developed differently from the sister language. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Dialect of language can be ________ isolated by conventions or attitudes based on class or race prejudice. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When the pronunciation of a single word comes to define a single speech community. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a norm or target that speakers unconsciously orient to, with a sort of hidden valuation given to the form. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When speakers use language features or linguistic styles associated with another ethnic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Study of regional differences within a language. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Imaginary boundary that when drawn on a map separates particular linguistic features. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Many isoglosses occurring in the same area. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a range of dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas, but as one travels in any direction, these differences accumulate such that speakers from opposite ends of the continuum are no longer mutually intelligible. |
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Term
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Definition
| - new phenomena in language, primarily in morphology, which emerge under the influence of various factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a phonemic merger, a sound change, that occurs in some varieties of English. The merger occurs in some accents of Scottish English and to some extent in Mid Ulster English[7] but is best known as a phenomenon of many varieties of North American English. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Constraints that are not absolute but rather tendencies in one direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Factor that governs the use of a particular variant. |
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Term
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Definition
| - social factor that governs the use of a particular variant. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Differences between social groups in terms of the prestige associated with them by others. |
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Term
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Definition
| - abstract representation of a source of variation, realized by at least two variants, for example, gonna and will are variants of the future temporal references. |
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Term
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Definition
| - different expressions of a variable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - People often try to talk like who they want to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When speakers overdo what they see as the linguistic requirements of a situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| - force hypothesized to drive people to use a variant that is thought to be prestigious or correct that is no part of their own casual speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Importance of standard language in the social and economic life of a speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Refers to a noticeable variant that sticks out due to physiological, social, or psychological factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Variable that is socially marked and often discussed. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Variable that speakers are less aware of than a stereotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Variable that can show differences by age or social group that is often associated with particular characteristics but is not subject to style shifting. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Ability to move between social classes. |
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Term
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Definition
| - In societies where mobility is more difficult and linguistic boundaries are more rigid. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Subset of language used by a particular social group or class. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Positive or negative assessment of variants that are in line with the dominant norms associated with sounding proper. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A wide separation between groups on any given language feature. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When the frequency of a language feature changes gradually from group to group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The group that starts changing a language, usually women and/or the lower middle class. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When the lower classes start picking up a language feature, the higher classes quickly drop said feature to keep from being “caught” with the lower classes. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took place in England between 1350 and 1700. |
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Term
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Definition
| - based on the assumption that people’s basic grammar changes very little during adulthood, __________compares speakers of different ages in a particular community and use this information to describe change over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The idea that the general properties of a language and language change have been the same throughout history and we are thus able to look at the changes going on today and assume the same kind of forces were at play in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Introduced from the higher social classes and first appears in careful speech style. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Not driven by social factors and appear first in the vernacular. May be introduced by any social class. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When differences between age groups repeat as each generation ages. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Study that samples a speech community at two or more points in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| - an atlas showing the distribution of distinctive linguistic features |
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Term
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Definition
| - Real time study that looks at the same members of a speech community at two or more points in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Real time study that studies different members of a speech community at different times. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Observation that some variants are actually most used by adolescents,, not by the youngest group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Used to measure language change, demonstrates the number of years it took for a language feature to take hold. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Variation without change; when multiple variants survive for a long period without one replacing another. |
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Term
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Definition
| - An individual’s speech changes according to differences in interlocutors, social context, and external factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Form of address expressing respect and esteem. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Ethnic variety of a language or dialect. |
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Term
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Definition
| - name or term for an ethnic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Variant of English spoken by African Americans throughout the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Changing your speech style to sound more like the people you are speaking with. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region |
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Term
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Definition
| - Socially constructed identity, rather than biological category. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A way of classifying nouns as masculine, feminine, or neuter. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Idea that gender differences in language reflect different culture of conversation. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Idea that gender differences in language reflect differences in access to power. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Using language to build and maintain relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Using language to communicate factual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Linguistic feature points to something with social meaning when it is categorical and exclusive, using he to refer to a man. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Linguistic feature that points to something in a roundabout way, not categorically associated with a meaning. It is linked to a meaning that itself is linked to a social meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The idea that women are more likely to adhere to standard forms and lead in changes from above but are also leaders in changes from below, which are not necessarily high-prestige forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Word borrowed from traditional grammar that suggests that there’s an active doer or chooser at work. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Idea that actions and speech acquire constitutive force and are used to create a particular gender identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When people adopt behaviors from a group to be taken as member of that group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - When people use features that both they and their audience know are associated with another group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Examination of the structure of a conversation, looking for linguistic regularities. |
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Term
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Definition
| - extended language interaction, that is, longer than a sentence. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Against social norms, not permitted in polite society. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Cues given during a conversation which allows the speaker to know you’re listening to them. Nodding or Mhhming. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Intra-speaker variation as opposed to variation among a group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - Different levels of formalities result from the amount of attention a speaker pays to the act of speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Cues (pitch, tempo, volume) that seem to correlate with casual speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Idea that speakers style shift on the basis of who they are speaking to. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Accommodation towards you interlocutors. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Accommodation away from your interlocutors. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Speakers using different styles to present themselves differently. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Variety of language used in a particular social or economic setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Category of language generally recognized and usually named by a speech community. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Register associated with a particular activity or occupation that often develops its own special vocabulary items. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Specialized type of slang usually associated with thieves’ talk. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Avoiding linguistic features associated with another linguistic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a _______ language is one which is independent of other languages, for example has a standard, grammar books, dictionaries or literature. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the ability to influence the actions of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The feeling unity among a group of people. |
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