Term
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Definition
| A tense that is used to give orders or instructions. Example: Go home. Put your right foot in and then put your right foot out and then put your whole body in and shake it all about. Do the hokey pokey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Church, School lectures and textbooks, school discussions, Newspapers, radio, TV, literature, at work, at the bank, at administration office, at sports camp, at home, with old people, with young people, in your diary |
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Term
| What are some reasons for choosing a specific variation? |
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Definition
-To show people your identity
-To show intelligence
-To avoid specific languages associated with certain people
-Domain dependent
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Term
| Social Factors for Language Selection (I.E. Linguistic variety) |
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Definition
-The participants, who speaks, who hears
-The setting, or social context
-The Topic, what is being discussed
-The function, why are they talking, Refrential or afectional |
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Term
| The 4 social dimension scales |
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Definition
Social Distance (Solidarity) scale... Intimate (High solidarity) <---> Distant (Low solidarity)
Status Scale... High Prestige/Superior/High Status <---> Low Prestige/ Subordinate/Low Status
Formality Scale... Formal <---> Informal
Functional Scale... Referential <---> Affective
High Information content <----> Low information content
Low affective content <----> High affective content |
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Term
| The 7 Linguistic variations |
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Definition
-Vocabulary
-Pronunciation
-Word Structure (Morphology)
-Grammar (syntax)
-Style
-Dialect
-Language |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to language in context.
A set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances
May involve different accents, styles, dialects (in monolingual communities) or different languages (in multilingual communities) which contrast with each other for social reasons |
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Term
| Degrees of knowing a language |
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Definition
-A few words and phrases
-Coping with simple conversation
-Coping with most everyday conversation
-Complete fluency in a wide range of contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| The total amount of vocabulary, phrases, styles, dialects, and languages available for a person to use. For example: My ________________ consists of English, canadian, british, and southern, highly intelligible scientific phrases, literature maxims, skater/stoner lingo, and lots of synonyms for the word vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the code associated with one domain gets used in another, sounding irregular. For example, when I am at home I always speak english to me mum, right, but then, if we start talking about politics, we sometimes switch to Yiddish, because we know more political terms and swear words in Yiddish, so it makes for a more lively and intelligible conversation, ya know? But if we start talking about sweet baby jesus descending down from heaven, we usually switch to Dutch, because me Grandpappy, who doesn't want to hear about that shit, doesn't understand dutch. |
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Term
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Definition
Describes societal or institutionalized bilingualism in a community, where two varieties are required to cover all the community's domains.
1. Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high (H) variety and the other a low (L) variety.
2. Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L compliment each other. (For example, church and the market place)
3. No one uses the H variety in everyday conversation
(Also, the L variety would generally seem odd in writing, usually) |
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Term
| Code-Switching or Code-Mixing |
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Definition
| The switching between languages. Often it is done accidentally, or if there is a better way of saying something in a different language. Negative attitudes towards it. It is sometimes done when a language is not fully learned, and you don't know a specific word. |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone speaks in two languages at once for subtle, implicational purposes. For example, if you speak to a group of people in a mixture of the official language, as well as the tribal language, the medium becomes the message. You assert yourself as someone who is educated, intelligent, and proper, by using the H, as well as someone who is relatable, one of us, a family man, and native. in addition, you show off your skill of bilingualism. Used occasionally for political purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Code-switching that does not serve an implicit purpose, or any purpose for that matter. This kind of switching results from simply not knowing the word in the language you are speaking, so you revert back to your mother tongue. This type of borrowing usually occurs in nouns or phrases. The only real motivation for this in vocabulary need. |
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Term
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Definition
Generally refers to a language which has not been standardized, and which does not have official status.
Usually the first language learned by a multilingual community
Often used for a relatively narrow range of informal functions
Three:
1. Uncodified
2. Acquired in the home as a first variety
3. Used for narrow range of functions
EXAMPLE: Buang, in Papua New Guinea |
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Term
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Definition
A term used to emphasize the range of different varieties of English that have developed since the nineteenth century.
Examples:
Singapore English is the H, formal version of english in singapore, but the colloquial L variety is Singlish, which is not written very often. |
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Term
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Definition
A language used for communication between people whose first languages differ. Describes a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community.
EXAMPLE: Latin, when a Portuguese woman encounters an Italian stallion. |
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Term
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Definition
A language which has no native speakers. They develop as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language. If this language develops and is passed on to a next generation, it becomes a Creole.
In SUM
1. it is used in restricted domains and functions
2. it has a simplified structure compared to the source language
3. it generally has low prestige and attracts negative attitudes -- especially from outsiders.
Often developed between groups of traders, and between different ethnic groups of slaves, who would try to work together to rebel or escape.
EXAMPLE: Bislama, a variety of melanesian ___________ |
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Term
| Lexifier (or Superstrate) |
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Definition
| The language which supplies most of the vocabulary for another language, or pidgin, is called the _________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| The language which influences the grammatical structure of another language, or pidgin, in called the _________________. |
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Term
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Definition
When a pidgin language has acquired native speakers, it becomes a _______________.
EXAMPLE: Haitian ____. French is the H
An example of a _______ that became a national language is INDONESIAN |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a pidgin becomes a creole. |
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Term
| 7 Top Lexifier Languages for Pidgins and Creoles |
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Definition
| English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Dutch, Italian. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a creole language starts to change and adapt more toward the direction of the standard variety. |
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